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after any enterprise

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1 Get

v. trans.

P. and V. κτᾶσθαι, κατακτᾶσθαι, λαμβάνειν, Ar. and V. πεπᾶσθαι (perf. infin. of πάεσθαι) (also Xen. but rare P.); see also P. and V. φέρεσθαι, ἐκφέρεσθαι, κομίζεσθαι, εὑρίσκεσθαι, Ar. and V. φέρειν (also Plat. but rare P.), εὑρίσκειν, V. ἄρνυσθαι (also Plat. but rare P.), ἀνύτεσθαι, κομίζειν.

Fetch: P. and V. φέρειν, κομίζειν, ἄγειν, V. πορεύειν.

Attain to, reach, obtain: P. and V. τυγχάνειν (gen.), Ar. and V. κυρεῖν (gen.).

Get in addition: P. and V. ἐπικτᾶσθαι, προσλαμβάνειν, P. προσκτᾶσθαι.

Get in return: P. ἀντιτυγχάνειν (gen.).

Help to get: P. συγκτᾶσθαι (τινί), συγκατακτᾶσθαί (τινί τι).

Get a person to do a thing: P. and V. πείθειν τινα ποιεῖν τι or ὥστε ποιεῖν τι.

Get a thing done: P. and V. πράσσειν ὅπως τι γενήσεται.

V. intrans. Become: P. and V. γίγνεσθαι.

Get at, reach, v. trans.: P. and V. ἐξικνεῖσθαι (gen. or acc.); see reach, met., intrigue with: P. κατασκευάζειν (acc.).

Get back, recover: P. and V. ἀνακτᾶσθαι, κομίζεσθαι, ἀναλαμβάνειν, P. ἀνακομίζεσθαι, V. κομίζειν; see Recover.

Get on with, have dealings with: P. and V. συγγίγνεσθαι (dat.); see have dealings with, under Dealings.

Difficult to get on with: V. συναλλάσσειν βαρύς.

Get off, be acquitted: P. and V. φεύγειν, σώζεσθαι, Ar. and P. ἀποφεύγειν.

Fare ( after any enterprise): P. and V. ἀπαλλάσσειν, ἀπέρχεσθαι, V. ἐξαπαλλάσσεσθαι.

Do you think after cheating us that you should get off scot free: Ar. μῶν ἀξιοῖς φενακίσας ἡμᾶς ἀπαλλαγῆναι ἀζήμιος (Pl. 271).

Get oneself into trouble: P. εἰς κακὸν αὑτὸν ἐμβάλλειν (Dem. 32).

What troubles I've got myself into: Ar. εἰς οἷʼ ἐμαυτὸν εἰσεκύλισα πράγματα (Thesm. 651).

Get out of: see Quit, Escape.

Get out of what one has said: P. ἐξαπαλλάσσεσθαι τῶν εἰρημένων (Thuc. 4, 28), ἐξαναχωρεῖν τὰ εἰρημένα (Thuc. 4, 28).

Get round, cheat: Ar. περιέρχεσθαι (acc.).

Get over: see under Over.

Get the better of: P. πλεονεκτεῖν (gen.), πλέον ἔχειν (gen.), πλέον φέρεσθαι (gen.); see Conquer.

Get the worst of it: P. and V. ἡσσᾶσθαι, P. ἔλασσον ἔχειν, ἐλασσοῦσθαι.

Get to: see Reach.

Get together, v. trans.: P. συνιστάναι; see Collect.

Get up, contrive fraudulently: P. κατασκευάζειν; see trump up.

Prepare: P. and V. παρασκευάζειν; see Prepare.

I got you up ( dressed you up) as Hercules in fun: Ar. σὲ παίζων... Ἡρακλέαʼ ʼνεσκευασα (Ran. 523).

V. intrans. Rise up: P. and V. ἀνίστασθαι, ἐξανίστασθαι, V. ὀρθοῦσθαι.

Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Get
2 pergo

pergo, perrexi, perrectum, 3, v. a. and n. [per-rego].
I.
Act.
A.
In gen., to go [p. 1343] on, continue, proceed with any thing (esp. a motion), to pursue with energy, prosecute vigorously (v. Mütz. ad Curt. 3, 8, 7; rare, and in Cic. only with an obj.-clause).
(α).
With acc.:
pergam, quo coepi, hoc iter,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 119:
iter,
Sall. J. 79, 5; Auct. B. Afr. 69; Tac. A. 4, 20; 3, 66.—
(β).
With an obj.-clause:
confestim ad eum ire perreximus,
Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 1:
perge igitur ordine quattuor mihi istas partes explicare,
proceed, id. Part. 8, 28:
ad Victumvias oppugnandas ire pergit,
Liv. 21, 57, 9:
pergit ire sequentibus paucis in hospitium Metelli,
id. 22, 53, 9:
Hannibal postquam ipsi sententia stetit pergere ire,
to go on with his march, id. 21, 30, 1:
tenere viam quam instituisti,
Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 14, 42:
animum exsolvere pergo,
Lucr. 1, 932:
pergitin' pergere?
Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 4; id. Poen. 1, 3, 24.—
(γ).
Impers. pass.:
non potest ad similitudinem pergi rei, quae necdum est,
one cannot attain, Macr. Sat. 7, 16, 13.—
B.
In partic.
1.
To wake up, awaken, arouse a person: pergere dicebant expergefacere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 215 Müll.—
2.
To proceed with, undertake a thing (post-Aug.): prospere cessura quae pergerent, si, etc., their enterprise would succeed if, etc., Tac. A. 1, 28 dub. (al. ad quae pergerent, al. quo pergerent, v. Orell. ad h. l.).—
II.
Neutr., to proceed, i. e. to go or come (the predom. signif. of the word; syn.: progredior, proficiscor).
A.
Lit.:
horsum pergunt,
they are coming this way, Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 36:
quis hic est, qui huc pergit?
id. Eun. 2, 1, 22:
eādem viā pergere,
Cic. Div. 1, 54, 123:
in Macedoniam ad Planciumque,
id. Planc. 41, 98:
advorsum hostes, in solitudines,
Sall. J. 74, 1:
ad regem,
id. ib. 71, 4:
ad castra,
Caes. B. G. 3, 18:
obviam alicui,
to go to meet, Auct. Her. 4, 51, 64:
ad litora,
Sil. 7, 171:
obsonatum pergam,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 154.— Impers. pass.: ad plebem pergitur, Caecil. ap. Non. 513, 8.—
B.
Trop., to pass on, proceed to any thing (esp. an action), to go after any thing:
pergamus ad reliqua,
Cic. Brut. 43, 158; id. Tusc. 5, 5, 13.—
2.
In partic., in speaking.
a.
To go on, proceed:
pergam atque insequar longius,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 20, § 51:
perge de Caesare,
go on and relate, id. Brut. 74, 258; id. Rosc. Am. 10, 32:
si pergis,
Liv. 2, 40.—
b.
Of one who has not yet spoken, to begin and go on, to proceed ( poet.):
pergite, Pierides,
Verg. E. 6, 13.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > pergo
3 revoco

rĕ-vŏco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.
I.
To call back, recall (class. and freq., esp. in the trop. sense).
A.
Lit.
1.
In gen.:
quotiens foras ire volo, me retines, revocas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 5; cf. Suet. Claud. 15 fin.:
de meo cursu rei publicae sum voce revocatus,
Cic. Fam. 10, 1, 1:
aliquem ex itinere,
id. Div. 2, 8, 20; Suet. Aug. 98; id. Tib. 21:
revocatus de exsilio Camillus,
Liv. 5, 46:
revocatum ex provinciā,
Suet. Claud. 1:
Caesar in Italiam revocabatur,
Caes. B. C. 2, 18 fin.:
spes Campanae defectionis Samnites rursus ad Caudium revocavit,
Liv. 9, 27:
quid me intro revocas?
Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 12.— Absol.:
heus abiit: quin revocas?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 12; id. Ep. 2, 2, 17; id. Truc. 1, 2, 19: exclusit; revocat;
redeam?
Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 4; Hor. S. 2, 3, 264; Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 22; Liv. 30, 20: abeo;
et revocas nono post mense,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 61; Ov. M. 1, 503.—
b.
Transf., of things, to draw or fetch back, to withdraw, turn back, etc.:
lumina revocata,
Ov. M. 7, 789:
oculos meos,
id. H. 16, 232:
cupidas manus,
id. A. A. 1, 452:
pedem ab alto,
Verg. A. 9, 125; cf.
gradum,
id. ib. 6, 128:
deficientem capillum a vertice,
to stroke back, Suet. Caes. 45:
habenas,
Sil. 16, 344:
manus post terga,
to bind, Sen. Thyest. 685:
proscissam terram in liram,
to bring back, restore, Col. 2, 10, 5; cf.:
in vitibus revocantur ea, quae, etc.,
are pruned, Cic. de Or. 2, 21, 88; v. infra, B. 1. — Poet.:
gelidos artus in vivum calorem,
Ov. M. 4, 248.—
2.
In partic.
a.
Milit. t. t.
(α).
To call back, recall; to call off, withdraw soldiers from a march or from any enterprise:
his rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque itinere desistere jubet,
Caes. B. G. 5, 11:
insequentes nostros, ne longius prosequerentur, Sulla revocavit,
id. B. C. 3, 51; Liv. 25, 14:
quae receptui canunt, ut eos etiam revocent,
Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:
tardius revocati proelio excesserant,
Sall. C. 9, 4; cf. Verg. A. 5, 167:
equites,
Caes. B. C. 1, 80:
reliquas copias,
id. B. G. 7, 35:
naves omnes,
id. B. C. 3, 14:
hos certo signo,
id. ib. 1, 27 fin.;
1, 28: milites ab opere,
id. B. G. 2, 20:
legiones ab opere,
id. B. C. 1, 82:
aestus crescens revocaverat fatigatos,
Amm. 24, 4, 17.—
(β).
To recall to duty soldiers from a furlough:
milites,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 31, § 89:
veteranos,
Tac. H. 2, 82:
inter ceteros conveteranos suos revocatus,
Inscr. Orell. 3580.—
(γ).
In gen., to call back, recall:
(Neptunus Tritona) jubet fluctus et flumina signo Jam revocare dato,
Ov. M. 1, 335.—
b.
A theatrical t. t., to call for the repetition of a speech, a vocal performance, etc., to call back a player; to encore:
Livius (Andronicus), cum saepius revocatus vocem obtudisset, etc.,
Liv. 7, 2:
Diphilus tragoedus revocatus aliquoties a populo,
Val. Max. 6, 2, 9:
quoties ego hunc (sc. Archiam) vidi magnum numerum versuum dicere ex tempore! quoties revocatum eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis atque sententiis,
Cic. Arch. 8, 18:
revocatus praeco, iterum pronunciavit eadem,
Liv. 33, 32.—Also with an inanim. object:
cum Orestem fabulam doceret Euripides, primos tres versus revocasse dicitur Socrates,
to have encored, Cic. Tusc. 4, 29, 63. — Absol.:
revocasse et repeti coëgisse,
Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 12.— Impers. pass.:
nominatim sum appellatus in Bruto Tullius qui libertatem civibus stabiliverat. Milies revocatum est,
Cic. Sest. 58, 123.—
c.
To recall from death, bring back to life:
quā servetis revocatum a morte Dareta,
Verg. A. 5, 476; cf.:
Paeoniis revocatum herbis et amore Dianae,
id. ib. 7, 769:
dysentericos a morte revocari,
Plin. 23, 6, 60, § 113.—
B.
Trop.
1.
In gen., to call back, recall, resume; to withdraw, retire; to regain, recover; to draw back, draw off or away; to withhold, restrain, etc.:
facilius sicut in vitibus revocantur ea, quae sese nimium profuderunt,
are checked, pruned, Cic. de Or. 2, 21, 88: et vires et corpus amisi: sed si morbum depulero, facile illa revocabo, will regain, recover, id. Fam. 7, 26, 2:
quae (studia) remissa temporibus, longo intervallo intermissa revocavi,
id. Tusc. 1, 1, 1; cf.:
quod, utcunque praetermissum, revocari non posset,
Liv. 44, 40:
praetermissa,
Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 44:
quae (philosophia) nunc prope dimissa revocatur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 4, 11:
veteres artes,
Hor. C. 4, 15, 12:
priscos mores,
Liv. 39, 41:
antiquam duramque militiam,
Tac. A. 1, 20 fin.:
quaedam exoleta,
Suet. Claud. 22:
omissa,
id. Vesp. 16; id. Dom. 4 et saep.:
nonnumquam animum incitatum revoco ipse et reflecto,
Cic. Sull. 16, 46; cf. id. Att. 13, 1:
vinolenti dubitant, haesitant, revocant se interdum,
recover themselves, bethink themselves, id. Ac. 2, 17, 52:
ut quaedam contra naturam depravata restituerentur et corrigerentur ab naturā, cum se ipsa revocasset aut arte atque medicinā,
had recovered herself, id. Div. 2, 46, 96:
revocare se non poterat familiaritate implicatus,
could not withdraw, id. Pis. 29, 70:
primae revocabo exordia pugnae,
Verg. A. 7, 40; cf. Sen. Ben. 7, 25, 2 al.:
revocari in memoriam somnii,
Just. 1, 5, 3; 7, 1, 8.— Poet., with inf.: nec tamen illa suae revocatur parcere famae, nor can she be induced, persuaded, etc., Prop. 1, 16, 11:
memoriam ad referendam gratiam admonitione revocare,
to bring, induce, Sen. Ben. 5, 25, 6: scalam nobis in memoriam revocare, Aug. Civ. Dei, 16, 38, 2; id. Serm. 280, 1:
in memoriam rursus revocatus,
Petr. 10:
revocat tua forma parentem (with recordor),
Sil. 16, 193:
magni est ingenii revocare mentem a sensibus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; cf.:
eos ab illā consuetudine,
id. Rep. 2, 13, 25:
quos (homines) spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agriculturā et cottidiano labore revocabat,
Caes. B. G. 3, 17:
aliquam a cupiditate,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
aliquem a turpissimo consilio,
id. Att. 3, 15, 4:
aliquem a tanto scelere,
id. Cat. 3, 5, 10; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 22:
animum ab irā,
Ov. Tr. 2, 557:
jam lapsos ab errore,
Quint. 2, 6, 2:
perterritos animos a metu,
id. 2, 16, 8 et saep.:
ab errore ad rectiorem viam,
Lact. 1, 1, 21: cum ex saevis et perditis rebus ad meliorem statum fortuna revocatur, Cic. ap. Amm. 15, 5, 23:
disceptationem ab rege ad Romanos revocabant,
Liv. 41, 20:
rebus institutis ad humanitatem atque mansuetudinem revocavit animos hominum studiis bellandi jam immanes ac feros,
Cic. Rep. 2, 14, 27:
ad quam eos quasi formulam dicendi revocent,
id. Opt. Gen. 5, 15:
ad quae me exempla revocas,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210; Quint. 10, 7, 32:
rem paene ad manus,
Cic. Clu. 49, 136:
me ad pristina studia revocavi,
id. Brut. 3, 11:
me ad meum munus pensumque revocabo,
id. de Or. 3, 30, 119:
se ad industriam,
id. Brut. 94, 323:
se rursus ad moestitiam,
id. Tusc. 3, 27, 64:
se ad se,
id. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
vilicum ad rationem,
compel to an account, Cato, R. R. 2, 2:
libertinos ingratos revocavit in servitutem,
Suet. Claud. 25:
fortunae possessionesque omnium in dubium incertumque revocabuntur,
Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:
ad spem consulatūs in partem revocandam aspirare non auderet,
to bring over to his side, Liv. 4, 35:
quod temporis hortorum aut villarum curae seponitur, in animum revocabo,
will transfer to my mind, Tac. A. 14, 54:
abi, Quo blandae juvenum te revocant preces (= a me ad se vocant, Orell.),
Hor. C. 4, 1, 7.—
2.
In partic.
a.
Pregn.: ad aliquid, to apply, reduce, refer a thing to something as a standard (syn. referre) (Ciceron.):
impuri cujusdam et ambitiosi et omnia ad suam potentiam revocantis esse sententiam,
Cic. Lael. 16, 59:
misericordiā movetur, si is, qui audit, adduci potest, ut illa, quae de altero deplorentur, ad suas res revocet,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 211:
omnia ad artem et ad praecepta,
id. ib. 2, 11, 44:
omnia ad scientiam,
id. Fin. 2, 13, 43:
illa de urbis situ ad rationem,
id. Rep. 2, 11, 22:
rationem ad veritatem,
id. Off. 3, 21, 84:
rem ad illam rationem conjecturamque,
id. Dom. 6, 15.—
b.
To recall, revoke, retract, cancel (not so till after the Aug. per.): si facta mihi revocare liceret. Ov. M. 9, 617:
promissum suum,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 2:
sententiam suam,
Dig. 48, 18, 1 fin.:
libertatem (shortly after: in servitutem retrahi),
Tac. A. 13, 26:
litteras,
Suet. Vesp. 8:
legatum ad quingenta,
id. Galb. 5.—
c.
As law t. t.: domum, domum suam revocare, to appeal to a judge of one ' s own country or city: (legatis) revocandi domum suam jus datur, Dig. 5, 1, 2, §§ 3, 4, and 5.—
II.
To ask back again, to invite in return: mutuo vocare, Non. (rare): domum suam istum non fere quisquam vocabat. Nec mirum;
qui neque in urbe viveret neque revocaturus esset,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 52; Varr. ap. Non. 167, 14:
cum vulpem revocasset,
Phaedr. 1, 25, 7; Lact. 6, 12, 3.—Hence, transf.:
tribuni plebis quoniam adhuc praesens certamen contentionemque fugerunt: nunc in meam contionem prodeant, et, quo provocati ad me venire noluerunt, revocati saltem revertantur,
i. e. now that they are invited to come back, Cic. Agr. 3, 1, 1.—
III.
To call again, summon anew (rare):
itaque hominem populus revocat, et retrahatur necesse est,
i. e. to answer a renewed accusation, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4 (6), 6:
tribuni de integro agere coeperunt revocaturosque se easdem tribus renuntiarunt,
Liv. 45, 36 fin.; cf. id. 40, 46:
refectum est convivium et rursus Quartilla ad bibendum revocavit,
challenged us again, Petr. 23:
convivam in diem posterum,
Suet. Claud. 32.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > revoco
4 todo

adj.

1 all, the whole of, all of.

Toda la mañana All morning. Perdió todo su dinero=He lost all his money.

2 every, each.

Todo carro que.. All car that....

3 entire.

adv.

all.

pron.

everything, absolutely everything, all, all the lot.

m.

whole, unity, entirety.

* * *

todo

► adjetivo

1 (sin excluir nada) all

■ todos los vecinos lo vieron all the neighbours saw it

■ se bebió todo el vino he drank all the wine

■ tú responderás por todos nosotros you'll answer for all of us

2 (verdadero) real

■ era todo un reto it was a real challenge

■ era toda una mujer she was every inch a woman

3 (cada) every

■ todo delito every crime

■ todas las noches every night

■ todos los días every day

4 (igual) like, exactly like, the image of

■ era toda su madre she was exactly like her mother

► pronombre

1 (sin excluir nada) all, everything

■ llamaron todos they all phoned

■ le gusta todo she likes everything

2 (cualquiera) anybody

■ todo el que yo diga anybody I say

► nombre masculino todo

1 (totalidad) whole

■ si lo consideramos como un todo if we take it as a whole

2 (en charadas) all, whole

► adverbio

1 completely, totally, all

■ está todo mojado it's all wet

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

así y todo in spite of everything

a todo esto (por cierto) by the way 2 (mientras) in the meantime

con todo in spite of everything

de todas formas / después de todo anyway, after all

del todo completely, entirely

■ arriba del todo right at the top

eso es todo that's all, that's it

estar en todo to be really with it, know what's going on

fue todo uno familiar it all happened at once

hay de todo there are all sorts

jugarse el todo por el todo figurado to take the plunge

por todo,-a all over

■ por toda Francia all over France

ser todo uno familiar to be all the same thing

todo el mundo everybody

todo lo contrario quite the opposite, quite the contrary

todo lo más at the most

todo quisque / todo Dios familiar every Tom, Dick and Harry

todos y cada uno each and everyone

————————

todo

► nombre masculino

1 (totalidad) whole

■ si lo consideramos como un todo if we take it as a whole

2 (en charadas) all, whole

► adverbio

1 completely, totally, all

■ está todo mojado it's all wet

* * *
1. noun m.
whole
2. (f. - toda)
pron.

all, everything

- todos
- todas 3. adv.
wholly, entirely

- a todo esto

- ante todo

- con todo
4. (f. - toda)
adj.

1) every, each

2) all, whole, entire

•

- todo el mundo

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [en singular] (=en su totalidad) all

no han llamado en todo el día — they haven't phoned all day

no he dormido en toda la noche — I haven't slept all night

lo golpeó con toda su fuerza — he hit him with all his might

ha viajado por todo el mundo — he has travelled throughout o all over the world

lo sabe todo Madrid — all Madrid knows it

en toda España no hay más que cinco — there are only five in the whole of Spain

recorrimos todo el bosque — we searched the whole forest

vino todo el equipo — the whole team came

el universo todo — the whole universe

he limpiado toda la casa — I've cleaned the whole house

puso una alfombra a todo lo ancho de la habitación — she put a rug down right across the room

en toda España no lo encuentras — you won't find it anywhere in Spain

todo lo que usted necesite — everything o whatever you need

con todo lo listo que es, no es capaz de resolver esto — clever as he is o for all his intelligence, he can't solve this problem

• todo lo demás — all the rest

• a o con toda prisa — in all haste, with all speed

• a toda velocidad — at full speed

- a todo esto

a todo esto, la orquesta siguió tocando — meanwhile, the band kept on playing

a todo esto, ¿os apetece ir al cine? — by the way, would you like to go to the cinema?

a todo esto, no nos olvidemos de llamarla — while we're on the subject, we mustn't forget to phone her

- ¡toda la vida!
cuanto, mundo
2) [en plural]

a) [en un conjunto] all

todos los libros — all the books

todos vosotros — all of you

b) (=cada) every

todos los días — every day

nos vemos todas las semanas — we see each other every week

pararon a todos los coches que pasaban — they stopped every car that went by

habrá un turno para todos y cada uno de los participantes — each and every one of the participants will have their turn
forma 2)
3) [con valor enfático]

es todo un hombre — he's every inch a man, he's a real man

es todo un héroe — he's a real hero

ese hombre es todo ambición — that man is all ambition

tiene toda la nariz de su abuela — her nose is exactly like her grandmother's

el niño era todo ojos — the child was all eyes

soy todo oídos — I'm all ears

puede ser todo lo sencillo que usted quiera — it can be as simple as you wish

dio un portazo por toda respuesta — his only response was to slam the door

• todo lo contrario — quite the opposite
más 1., 2), d)
4) (=del todo)

lleva una falda toda rota — she's wearing a skirt that's all torn

estaba todo rendido — he was completely worn out

vaya todo seguido — go straight on o ahead

2. PRON

1) [en singular]

se lo comió todo — he ate it all

cree que lo sabe todo — she thinks she knows it all

lo han vendido todo — they've sold the lot, they've sold it all

se enfada por todo — she gets angry about everything

lo sabemos todo — we know everything

todo cabe en él — he is capable of anything

todo o nada — all or nothing

todo son reveses — it's one setback after another

y luego todo son sonrisas — and then it's all smiles

todo el que quiera... — everyone o anyone who wants to...

todo a cien — ≈ pound store, ≈ dollar store (EEUU), shop selling everyday items at low prices

2) [en plural] (=cosas) all (of them); (=personas) everybody, everyone

todos son caros — they're all expensive

el más bonito de todos — the prettiest of all

todos estaban de acuerdo — everybody o everyone agreed

todos los que quieran venir — all those who want to come, anyone who wants to come

3) [locuciones con preposición]

• ir a todo — to be prepared to do or die

• ante todo — first of all, in the first place

• con todo, con todo y — in spite of

el coche, con todo y ser nuevo... — the car, in spite of being new..., despite the fact that the car was new...

con todo (y con eso) — still, nevertheless

con todo y con eso llegamos una hora tarde — we still arrived an hour late, nevertheless we arrived an hour late

• de todo, lo llamaron de todo — they called him every name under the sun

nos pasó de todo — everything possible happened to us, you name it, it happened to us

• del todo — wholly, entirely

no es del todo malo — it is not wholly o all bad

no es del todo verdad — it is not entirely true

• después de todo — after all

- estar en todo

de todas todas —

¡te digo que sí de todas todas! — I tell you it jolly well is!

es verdad de todas todas — it's absolutely true

- ir a por todas
botica 1), pesar 4., 3), sobre II, 9)
3.

SM

el todo — the whole

como o en un todo — as a whole

- ser el todo
jugar 3. TODO ► Para traducir el adjetivo todo con el sentido de en su totalidad se usa all, seguido del sustantivo en singular y sin determinante: Se pasó toda la tarde viendo la tele He spent all afternoon watching TV ► Con el mismo sentido anterior, también se puede traducir por whole o entire, este último es más enfático. En este caso, el indefinido tiene que ir acompañado de un sustantivo contable en singular y precedido por un determinante: Se pasó toda la tarde viendo la tele He spent the whole o the entire afternoon watching TV ► Todos se traduce por every cuando se hace hincapié en todos y cada uno de los individuos de un grupo de personas o cosas y también cuando se habla de acciones repetidas: Todos los niños deben llevar el uniforme del colegio Every child must wear school uniform Salimos a cenar todos los viernes We go out for dinner every Friday El sustantivo que sigue a every va en singular y nunca lleva determinante. El verbo va también en singular. ► Cuando todos se emplea para generalizar, se traduce por all. En este caso el sustantivo que sigue a all no lleva determinante: Todos los alemanes saben hablar inglés All Germans can speak English ► Todos también se traduce por all para referirse al conjunto de individuos de un grupo pero, a diferencia de every, sin dar importancia a los elementos. En este caso el sustantivo lleva determinante y va en plural, como el verbo: Todos los libros de la biblioteca eran antiguos All the books in the library were old
* * *
I
- da adjetivo

1) ( la totalidad de) all

nos comimos todo el pan/todos los bombones — we ate all the bread/chocolates

toda la mañana — all morning, the whole morning

invitó a toda la clase — she invited the whole class

se recorrió todo México — she traveled all over Mexico

por todos lados — all over the place

dedicó toda su vida a la investigación — he dedicated his entire life to research

todos ustedes lo sabían — you all knew

2) (cualquier, cada)

todo artículo importado — all imported items, any imported item

todo aquél que quiera — anyone who wishes to

todos los días/los años — every day/year

todos los que estaban presentes — all those who were present

3) ( uso enfático)

a toda velocidad — at top speed

a todo correr — as fast as possible

con toda inocencia — in all innocence

le dieron todo tipo de facilidades — they gave him all kind of facilities

está fuera de toda duda — it's beyond all doubt

a todo esto — ( mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime; ( a propósito) incidentally, by the way
II
masculino

el/un todo — the/a whole

jugarse el todo por el todo — to risk o gamble everything on one throw
III
- da pronombre

1)

a) ( sin excluir nada) everything

lo perdieron todo — they lost everything

a pesar de todo — despite everything

todo le parece poco — he's never satisfied

hazlo todo lo largo que quieras — make it as long as you like

¿eso es todo? — is that all?

todo o nada — all or nothing

b)

todos/todas — ( referido a - cosas) all; (- a personas) all, everybody

se rompieron todos — they all broke

los compró todos — she bought all of them

vinieron todos — they all came, everybody came

son todos muy simpáticos — they're all very friendly

buena suerte a todos — good luck to everybody

es el más alto de todos — he's the tallest of the lot o of them all

¿están todos? — is everyone o everybody here?

¿estamos todos? — are we all here?

todos y cada uno — each and every one

2) (en locs)

con todo (y eso) — (fam) ( aun así) all the same, even so

con todo, sigo pensando que... — all the same o even so I still think that...

de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything; venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things; hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything; del todo totally; no es del todo cierto it's not entirely o totally true; y todo: enfermo y todo, vino a trabajar sick as he was, he still came to work; tuvo que venir la policía y todo (fam) the police had to come and everything (colloq); de todas, todas (fam): ¿es verdad? - de todas, todas is it true? - you bet it is! (colloq); ganó de todas, todas he won by a mile (colloq); me las pagará todas juntas one of these days I'll get even with him for all of this; no tenerlas todas consigo — to be a little worried o uneasy

3) (como adv)

a) ( completamente) all

está todo mojado — it's all wet

está toda entusiasmada con el viaje — she's all o terribly excited about the trip

b) ( en frases ponderativas) quite

fue todo un espectáculo — it was quite a show!

c) ( indicando cualidad predominante)

el pescado era todo espinas — the fish was full of bones

soy toda oídos — I'm all ears

* * *

= all, complete, every, everything, whole affair, the, wholeness, the full monty, the whole lot, at large, the works!, the whole thing, the entire length of.

Ex. All returned documents must be checked for the presence of a hold on the title.

Ex. The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.

Ex. The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.

Ex. The CLEAR key erases everything on the screen.

Ex. The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.

Ex. The part chosen should have a unity of its own, a wholeness that offers a complete experience without at the same time giving away everything.

Ex. The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.

Ex. Alternatively the printer might not have ordered enough paper for the whole book, either because he miscalculated or because he could not afford to buy the whole lot at once = Por otro lado, el impresor podría no haber encargado suficiente papel para imprimir el libro entero, bien porque lo calculó mal o porque no podía permitirse el lujo de comprarlo todo de una vez.

Ex. The committee will be expected to produce an annual report to the members at large.

Ex. Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.

Ex. The truth is that I'm pretty upset about the whole thing and don't have very warm feelings towards the makers of these products.

Ex. It tells the story of one man's absurd quest to become the first person to walk the entire length of the Amazon River.

----

* ¡a por todas! = go for it!.

* abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.

* abarcarlo todo = be all inclusive.

* absolutamente todo = anything and everything, the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.

* absolver a Alguien de todos los cargos = acquit + Nombre + on all counts.

* acaparar toda la atención = steal + the limelight.

* accesible por todos = widely accessible.

* acceso para todos = access for all.

* aceptado por todos = widely accepted.

* a decir de todos = by all accounts.

* afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.

* ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.

* ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.

* al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.

* al igual que con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.

* a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.

* antes de todo = before anything else, first off.

* ante todo = first and foremost, before anything else, more than anything else, first of all, above all, above all things.

* a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.

* a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.

* aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.

* a toda costa = absolutely, come what may, at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.

* a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* a toda prueba = unswerving.

* a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.

* a todas luces = patently.

* a todas partes = far and wide.

* a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* a todo alrededor = all round.

* a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.

* a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a todo lo largo de = the length of.

* a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed.

* a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.

* a todos lados = far and wide.

* a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.

* a todos los niveles = at all levels.

* a todos nosotros = us all.

* a todos por igual = one size fits all.

* a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a todo volumen = at full blast.

* autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.

* avanzar a toda máquina = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda pastilla = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo gas = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo vapor = go + full steam ahead.

* bastante para todos = enough to go round.

* bien de todos, el = common good, the.

* buscar por todas partes = scour + Nombre + for.

* buscar por todo el mundo = search + the world (over).

* capaz de todo = capable of anything.

* casi de todo = just about everything.

* casi todo = everything but the kitchen sink, just about everything.

* casi todos = almost any.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.

* comérselo todo = eat + Posesivo + way through.

* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.

* como un todo = as a whole.

* comportarse como toda una señora = take + the high road, take + the high ground.

* comportarse como todo un caballero = take + the high road, take + the high ground.

* conjuntarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.

* conocido de todos = well-known.

* conocido por todos = widely recognised, well-known.

* conseguir ser el blanco de todas las miradas = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight.

* contar todo sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.

* con toda claridad = as clear as a bell.

* con toda confianza = feel + free to.

* con toda desfachatez = shamelessly.

* con toda franqueza = to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.

* con toda honestidad = in all honesty.

* con toda insolencia = shamelessly.

* con toda la razón = quite rightly.

* con toda la vestimenta = in full gear.

* con toda nitidez = as clear as a bell.

* con toda probabilidad = in all probability, probability.

* con toda seguridad = safely.

* con toda sinceridad = quite honestly, to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todas las prestaciones = full-featured.

* con todas sus prestaciones = fully featured.

* con toda su fuerza = in full force.

* con toda tranquilidad = casually.

* con todo descaro = shamelessly.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* con todo incluido = with the works!.

* con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.

* con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.

* con todos los extras = with the works!.

* con todos los lujos = with all mods and cons.

* con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.

* con todos sus defectos = warts and all.

* con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.

* con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.

* contra toda persona = all comers.

* contra (todo) pronóstico = against (all/the) odds.

* contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.

* controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* coordinarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.

* correr a toda velocidad = sprint.

* cubrir toda la gama = run + the gamut.

* cubrir todo el espectro = run + the gamut.

* dar al traste con todo = upset + the applecart.

* dar el todo por el todo = give + Posesivo + all.

* dar todo de Uno mismo = give of + Posesivo + best.

* dar todo el oro del mundo = give + Posesivo + right arm.

* decir con toda confianza = say in + full confidence.

* decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

* dedicar toda una vida = spend + lifetime.

* dedicar todo el esfuerzo del mundo a = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* del todo = all the way.

* demostrarlo todo = be proof enough.

* dentro de todo = all in all.

* desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.

* desear a Algo o Alguien toda la suerte del mundo = wish + Nombre + every success.

* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.

* después de todo = after all.

* de toda la empresa = systemwide.

* de toda la institución = institution-wide, systemwide.

* de toda la provincia = province-wide.

* de toda la universidad = university-wide.

* de toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.

* de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.

* de todas las partes del mundo = from all over the world, from all over the globe, from every part of the world.

* de todas maneras = at any rate.

* de todas partes = from far and wide.

* de todo = throughout.

* de todo corazón = heart-to-heart, with all + Posesivo + heart.

* de todo el continente = continent-wide.

* de todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* de todo el mundo = world over, the, from (all) around the world, throughout the world, around the world, across the globe, around the globe, from (all) around the globe, all over the globe, from across the world, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.

* de todo el planeta = across the planet.

* de todo el sistema = systemwide.

* de todo + Nombre = all through + Nombre.

* de todos conocido = well-known.

* de todos lados = from far and wide.

* de todos los colores = of all stripes, a rainbow of.

* de todos los tiempos = all-time, of all time(s).

* de todos los tipos = of all stripes.

* de todos modos = at any rate.

* de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.

* de todo un poco = about this and that and everything else, about this and that.

* de una vez por todas = once and for all, once for all.

* Día de Todos los Santos = All Saints' Day.

* dirigirse a toda prisa hacia = make + haste towards.

* disfrutar de todas las ventajas = have + the best of both worlds.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.

* durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.

* durante todo = all the way through, throughout.

* durante todo el día = all day long.

* durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.

* durante todo el verano = all summer long.

* durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.

* durar toda una vida = go on + for a lifetime, last + (for) a lifetime.

* echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.

* echarlo todo a rodar = upset + the applecart.

* echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.

* echar toda la carne en el asador = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, shoot (for) + the moon, go for + broke.

* el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el fin de todos los fines = the end of all ends.

* el mejor de todos = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.

* el mejor momento de todos = the time of all times.

* el peor de todos = the worst of the lot.

* el sueño de toda persona = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el sueño de todos = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

* en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.

* encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.

* en toda la empresa = company-wide, systemwide.

* en toda la institución = systemwide.

* en toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* en toda ocasión = at every turn.

* en todas partes = all around, far and wide.

* en todo = throughout.

* en todo caso = if anything.

* en todo el edificio = site-wide.

* en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].

* en todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], world over, the, throughout the world, around the world, all around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over, in the whole world.

* en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.

* en todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* en todo el proceso = throughout.

* en todo el sistema = systemwide.

* en todo momento = at all times, at every instant, every step of the way, throughout, at every turn, day in and day out, at all hours, time after time.

* en todos estos sentidos = in all these regards.

* en todos lados = far and wide.

* en todos los aspectos = all-round.

* en todos los sentidos = in all respects, in every sense.

* en todos menos en = in all but.

* en todos y cada uno de = in all.

* escolarización para todos = universal schooling.

* eso es casi todo = that's about it.

* estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.

* estar en todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* estar metido en todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* estar pendiente de todo = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* estar todos en el mismo barco = be all in the same boat.

* exento de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* extenderse por todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* extenderse por todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* facilitarle la vida a todos = simplify + life for everyone.

* famoso en todo el mundo = world-famous [world famous], world-renowned, world-renown.

* fuente de todos los males, la = root of all evil, the.

* fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.

* gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.

* hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.

* hacerlo todo excepto = stop at + nothing short of.

* hacerlo todo menos = stop at + nothing short of.

* hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.

* hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard.

* hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).

* hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.

* hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.

* hacer todo lo que está en nuestras manos = pull out + all the stops.

* hacer todo lo que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + best, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can.

* hacer todo lo que Uno pueda (dado) = do + the best possible (with).

* hacer un todo de = lump + Nombre + into.

* hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.

* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.

* igual para todos = one size fits all.

* incluir a todo el mundo = inclusivity.

* incluirlo todo = be all inclusive.

* insuficiente para todos = insufficient to go round.

* integrar formando un todo = articulate.

* ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.

* ir todo bien = be fine.

* ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.

* jalárselo todo = scoff + the lot, eat + Posesivo + way through.

* jugarse el todo por el todo = take + the plunge, risk + life and limb.

* jugárselo todo = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.

* libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* llegar a todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* llegar a todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.

* lo mejor de todo = best of all.

* lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.

* más bien todo lo contrario = quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* más que todo lo demás = beyond all else.

* más que todos nosotros juntos = more than all of us put together.

* meter las manos en todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* meterse en todos los fregados = have + a finger in every pie.

* motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.

* no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.

* no creerse Algo del todo = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.

* no del todo maduro, verde = underripe.

* no ser oro todo lo que reluce = not + it's cracked up to be.

* no somos todos iguales = one size doesn't fit all.

* No todo lo que reluce es oro = All that glitters is not gold, Not all that is gold glitters.

* ocurrir todo a la vez = happen + all at once.

* origen de todos males, el = root of all evil, the.

* para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.

* para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* para toda la universidad = university-wide.

* para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.

* para todo el mercado = industry-wide.

* para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.

* para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].

* para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* pasar a toda velocidad = whiz.

* póliza de seguro a todo riesgo = all risks cover.

* poner toda la carne en el asador = shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke.

* poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.

* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.

* poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.

* que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.

* que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.

* que bate todos los récords = record breaking.

* que cubre todo el cuerpo = head to toe.

* que dura todo el año = year-round.

* que lo abarca todo = all-embracing.

* que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.

* reconocido por todos = widely recognised.

* relación parte = whole/part relationship.

* replantearse todo desde cero = get back to + basics.

* reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.

* resistir con todas las fuerzas = resist + with every cell in + Posesivo + body.

* respetado por todos = widely-respected.

* revolucionarlo todo = turn + everything upside down.

* revolverlo todo = turn + everything upside down.

* sacarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* sacarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* salir a toda prisa = make + a hasty exit.

* seguro a todo riesgo = comprehensive insurance, all-risk insurance.

* ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.

* ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.

* ser justo con todos = give the devil his due.

* serlo todo para todos = be all things to all men, be all things to all people.

* ser todo corazón = have + a heart of gold.

* ser todo oídos = be all ears.

* ser todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* ser todo ventajas = the best of both worlds.

* ser todo vida = be all life.

* si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.

* si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.

* sobre todas las cosas = above all things.

* sobre todo = above all, above everything else, in particular, above all things.

* tan amado de todos = so beloved of all.

* tan amado por todos = so beloved of all.

* tan querido por todos = so beloved of all.

* tan queridos de todos = so beloved of all.

* tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.

* tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.

* tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.

* tener todas las posibilidades de = have + every possibility of.

* tener todo + Nombre + a + Posesivo + disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.

* tener todo + Nombre + para + Pronombre = have + the run of the + Nombre.

* tener todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tienda de todo a cien = dollar store.

* tienda que vende de todo = general store.

* titular a toda plana = headline banner.

* toda alma viviente = every living soul.

* toda clase de = all sorts of.

* toda la comunidad = the community at large.

* toda la fuerza = full force.

* toda la fuerza de = the full force of.

* toda la fuerza del impacto = full force.

* toda la noche = all night long.

* toda la sociedad = society at large.

* toda la trupe = in full force.

* toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.

* toda la vida = from the cradle to the grave, whole lifelong, whole life.

* todas las florituras = all the bells and whistles.

* todas las iniciales del nombre propio = full initials.

* todas las partes implicadas = all concerned.

* todas las personas implicadas = all concerned.

* todas las razones del mundo = every reason.

* todas las semanas = weekly.

* toda una serie de = a whole series of.

* toda una vida = a lifetime.

* toda una vida de experiencia = a lifetime of experience.

* toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.

* todo a la vez = all at once.

* todo al mismo tiempo = all at once.

* todo bicho viviente = every living soul, everyone and their mother, every Tom, Dick and Harry.

* todo confuso = in a state of disarray.

* todo continúa como antes = life goes on as before.

* todo cuesta algo = nothing comes without a cost.

* todo de una vez = in one lump.

* todo de (un) golpe = all at once.

* todo dios = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.

* todo el año = year-round.

* todo el cotarro = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.

* todo el día = all day, all day long, around the clock.

* todo el fin de semana = all weekend long.

* todo el mundo = all and sundry, every Tom, Dick and Harry, everybody, each and everyone.

* todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.

* todo el peso de la ley = full force of the law, the, full force of the law, the.

* todo el rato = all the while.

* todo el santo día = all day long.

* todo el tiempo = all of the time, left, right and centre, the whole time, all the while.

* todo el tinglado = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.

* todo en su conjunto = whole affair, the.

* todo en uno = all in one.

* todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.

* todo está a la vista = what you see is what you get.

* todo esto = the whole thing.

* todo excepto = everything except (for).

* todo florido = in full blossom.

* todo hijo de vecino = every Tom, Dick and Harry.

* todo incluido = all-inclusive.

* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.

* todo liado = in a state of disarray.

* todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.

* todo lo demás = all else.

* todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.

* todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.

* todo lujo de detalles = chapter and verse.

* todo marcha bien = everything is hunky-dory.

* todo menos = everything except (for).

* todo mindundi = every Tom, Dick and Harry.

* todo + Nombre = the whole + Nombre.

* todo queda en casa = all in the family.

* todo quisque = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.

* todo quisqui = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.

* todo recto = straight ahead, straight on.

* todos = everybody, everyone, them all, all comers, great and small, all concerned, anyone and everyone.

* todos a cubierta = all hands on deck!.

* todos a la faena = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

* todos al rescate = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

* todo seguido = continuously, straight ahead, straight on.

* todos ellos = them all.

* todo ser humano = every living soul.

* todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.

* todos excepto = everyone except, everybody except.

* todos excepto + Número = all but + Número.

* todos lo demás = everyone else.

* todos los accesorios extras = all the bells and whistles.

* todos los adornos extras = all the bells and whistles.

* todos los años = on a yearly basis, year in and year out, year-on-year.

* todos los demás = everybody else.

* todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.

* todos los días = daily, on a daily basis, every day, day in and day out.

* todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.

* todos los otros = all of the other.

* todos manos a la obra = all hands to the pump(s), all hands on deck.

* todos menos = everyone except, everybody except.

* todos menos + Número = all but + Número.

* todos nosotros = all of us.

* todos por igual = share and share alike.

* todos ustedes = you all.

* todos vosotros = you all.

* todos y cada uno = all and sundry, in full force, each and everyone.

* todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.

* todos y cada uno de + Adjetivo + Nombre = Pronombre + every + Nombre.

* todo tiene sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes = swings and roundabouts, what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.

* todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.

* todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.

* todo va a las mil maravillas = everything is hunky-dory.

* todo vale = no holds barred.

* trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.

* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.

* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* Verbo + sobre todo = Verbo + the most.

* vida a toda pastilla = life in the fast lane.

* y lo peor de todo = and worst of all.

* y sobre todo = and worst of all.

* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.

* zampárselo todo = scoff + the lot.

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

1) ( la totalidad de) all

nos comimos todo el pan/todos los bombones — we ate all the bread/chocolates

toda la mañana — all morning, the whole morning

invitó a toda la clase — she invited the whole class

se recorrió todo México — she traveled all over Mexico

por todos lados — all over the place

dedicó toda su vida a la investigación — he dedicated his entire life to research

todos ustedes lo sabían — you all knew

2) (cualquier, cada)

todo artículo importado — all imported items, any imported item

todo aquél que quiera — anyone who wishes to

todos los días/los años — every day/year

todos los que estaban presentes — all those who were present

3) ( uso enfático)

a toda velocidad — at top speed

a todo correr — as fast as possible

con toda inocencia — in all innocence

le dieron todo tipo de facilidades — they gave him all kind of facilities

está fuera de toda duda — it's beyond all doubt

a todo esto — ( mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime; ( a propósito) incidentally, by the way
II
masculino

el/un todo — the/a whole

jugarse el todo por el todo — to risk o gamble everything on one throw
III
- da pronombre

1)

a) ( sin excluir nada) everything

lo perdieron todo — they lost everything

a pesar de todo — despite everything

todo le parece poco — he's never satisfied

hazlo todo lo largo que quieras — make it as long as you like

¿eso es todo? — is that all?

todo o nada — all or nothing

b)

todos/todas — ( referido a - cosas) all; (- a personas) all, everybody

se rompieron todos — they all broke

los compró todos — she bought all of them

vinieron todos — they all came, everybody came

son todos muy simpáticos — they're all very friendly

buena suerte a todos — good luck to everybody

es el más alto de todos — he's the tallest of the lot o of them all

¿están todos? — is everyone o everybody here?

¿estamos todos? — are we all here?

todos y cada uno — each and every one

2) (en locs)

con todo (y eso) — (fam) ( aun así) all the same, even so

con todo, sigo pensando que... — all the same o even so I still think that...

de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything; venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things; hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything; del todo totally; no es del todo cierto it's not entirely o totally true; y todo: enfermo y todo, vino a trabajar sick as he was, he still came to work; tuvo que venir la policía y todo (fam) the police had to come and everything (colloq); de todas, todas (fam): ¿es verdad? - de todas, todas is it true? - you bet it is! (colloq); ganó de todas, todas he won by a mile (colloq); me las pagará todas juntas one of these days I'll get even with him for all of this; no tenerlas todas consigo — to be a little worried o uneasy

3) (como adv)

a) ( completamente) all

está todo mojado — it's all wet

está toda entusiasmada con el viaje — she's all o terribly excited about the trip

b) ( en frases ponderativas) quite

fue todo un espectáculo — it was quite a show!

c) ( indicando cualidad predominante)

el pescado era todo espinas — the fish was full of bones

soy toda oídos — I'm all ears

* * *

= all, complete, every, everything, whole affair, the, wholeness, the full monty, the whole lot, at large, the works!, the whole thing, the entire length of.

Ex: All returned documents must be checked for the presence of a hold on the title.

Ex: The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.

Ex: The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.

Ex: The CLEAR key erases everything on the screen.

Ex: The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.

Ex: The part chosen should have a unity of its own, a wholeness that offers a complete experience without at the same time giving away everything.

Ex: The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.

Ex: Alternatively the printer might not have ordered enough paper for the whole book, either because he miscalculated or because he could not afford to buy the whole lot at once = Por otro lado, el impresor podría no haber encargado suficiente papel para imprimir el libro entero, bien porque lo calculó mal o porque no podía permitirse el lujo de comprarlo todo de una vez.

Ex: The committee will be expected to produce an annual report to the members at large.

Ex: Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.

Ex: The truth is that I'm pretty upset about the whole thing and don't have very warm feelings towards the makers of these products.

Ex: It tells the story of one man's absurd quest to become the first person to walk the entire length of the Amazon River.

* ¡a por todas! = go for it!.

* abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.

* abarcarlo todo = be all inclusive.

* absolutamente todo = anything and everything, the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.

* absolver a Alguien de todos los cargos = acquit + Nombre + on all counts.

* acaparar toda la atención = steal + the limelight.

* accesible por todos = widely accessible.

* acceso para todos = access for all.

* aceptado por todos = widely accepted.

* a decir de todos = by all accounts.

* afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.

* ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.

* ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.

* al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.

* al igual que con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.

* a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.

* antes de todo = before anything else, first off.

* ante todo = first and foremost, before anything else, more than anything else, first of all, above all, above all things.

* a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.

* a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.

* aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.

* a toda costa = absolutely, come what may, at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.

* a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* a toda prueba = unswerving.

* a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.

* a todas luces = patently.

* a todas partes = far and wide.

* a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* a todo alrededor = all round.

* a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.

* a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a todo lo largo de = the length of.

* a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed.

* a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.

* a todos lados = far and wide.

* a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.

* a todos los niveles = at all levels.

* a todos nosotros = us all.

* a todos por igual = one size fits all.

* a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.

* a todo volumen = at full blast.

* autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.

* avanzar a toda máquina = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda pastilla = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo gas = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo vapor = go + full steam ahead.

* bastante para todos = enough to go round.

* bien de todos, el = common good, the.

* buscar por todas partes = scour + Nombre + for.

* buscar por todo el mundo = search + the world (over).

* capaz de todo = capable of anything.

* casi de todo = just about everything.

* casi todo = everything but the kitchen sink, just about everything.

* casi todos = almost any.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.

* comérselo todo = eat + Posesivo + way through.

* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.

* como un todo = as a whole.

* comportarse como toda una señora = take + the high road, take + the high ground.

* comportarse como todo un caballero = take + the high road, take + the high ground.

* conjuntarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.

* conocido de todos = well-known.

* conocido por todos = widely recognised, well-known.

* conseguir ser el blanco de todas las miradas = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight.

* contar todo sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.

* con toda claridad = as clear as a bell.

* con toda confianza = feel + free to.

* con toda desfachatez = shamelessly.

* con toda franqueza = to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.

* con toda honestidad = in all honesty.

* con toda insolencia = shamelessly.

* con toda la razón = quite rightly.

* con toda la vestimenta = in full gear.

* con toda nitidez = as clear as a bell.

* con toda probabilidad = in all probability, probability.

* con toda seguridad = safely.

* con toda sinceridad = quite honestly, to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todas las prestaciones = full-featured.

* con todas sus prestaciones = fully featured.

* con toda su fuerza = in full force.

* con toda tranquilidad = casually.

* con todo descaro = shamelessly.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* con todo incluido = with the works!.

* con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.

* con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.

* con todos los extras = with the works!.

* con todos los lujos = with all mods and cons.

* con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.

* con todos sus defectos = warts and all.

* con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.

* con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.

* contra toda persona = all comers.

* contra (todo) pronóstico = against (all/the) odds.

* contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.

* controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* coordinarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.

* correr a toda velocidad = sprint.

* cubrir toda la gama = run + the gamut.

* cubrir todo el espectro = run + the gamut.

* dar al traste con todo = upset + the applecart.

* dar el todo por el todo = give + Posesivo + all.

* dar todo de Uno mismo = give of + Posesivo + best.

* dar todo el oro del mundo = give + Posesivo + right arm.

* decir con toda confianza = say in + full confidence.

* decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

* dedicar toda una vida = spend + lifetime.

* dedicar todo el esfuerzo del mundo a = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* del todo = all the way.

* demostrarlo todo = be proof enough.

* dentro de todo = all in all.

* desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.

* desear a Algo o Alguien toda la suerte del mundo = wish + Nombre + every success.

* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.

* después de todo = after all.

* de toda la empresa = systemwide.

* de toda la institución = institution-wide, systemwide.

* de toda la provincia = province-wide.

* de toda la universidad = university-wide.

* de toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.

* de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.

* de todas las partes del mundo = from all over the world, from all over the globe, from every part of the world.

* de todas maneras = at any rate.

* de todas partes = from far and wide.

* de todo = throughout.

* de todo corazón = heart-to-heart, with all + Posesivo + heart.

* de todo el continente = continent-wide.

* de todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* de todo el mundo = world over, the, from (all) around the world, throughout the world, around the world, across the globe, around the globe, from (all) around the globe, all over the globe, from across the world, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.

* de todo el planeta = across the planet.

* de todo el sistema = systemwide.

* de todo + Nombre = all through + Nombre.

* de todos conocido = well-known.

* de todos lados = from far and wide.

* de todos los colores = of all stripes, a rainbow of.

* de todos los tiempos = all-time, of all time(s).

* de todos los tipos = of all stripes.

* de todos modos = at any rate.

* de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.

* de todo un poco = about this and that and everything else, about this and that.

* de una vez por todas = once and for all, once for all.

* Día de Todos los Santos = All Saints' Day.

* dirigirse a toda prisa hacia = make + haste towards.

* disfrutar de todas las ventajas = have + the best of both worlds.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.

* durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.

* durante todo = all the way through, throughout.

* durante todo el día = all day long.

* durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.

* durante todo el verano = all summer long.

* durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.

* durar toda una vida = go on + for a lifetime, last + (for) a lifetime.

* echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.

* echarlo todo a rodar = upset + the applecart.

* echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.

* echar toda la carne en el asador = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, shoot (for) + the moon, go for + broke.

* el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el fin de todos los fines = the end of all ends.

* el mejor de todos = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.

* el mejor momento de todos = the time of all times.

* el peor de todos = the worst of the lot.

* el sueño de toda persona = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el sueño de todos = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

* en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.

* encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.

* en toda la empresa = company-wide, systemwide.

* en toda la institución = systemwide.

* en toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* en toda ocasión = at every turn.

* en todas partes = all around, far and wide.

* en todo = throughout.

* en todo caso = if anything.

* en todo el edificio = site-wide.

* en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].

* en todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], world over, the, throughout the world, around the world, all around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over, in the whole world.

* en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.

* en todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* en todo el proceso = throughout.

* en todo el sistema = systemwide.

* en todo momento = at all times, at every instant, every step of the way, throughout, at every turn, day in and day out, at all hours, time after time.

* en todos estos sentidos = in all these regards.

* en todos lados = far and wide.

* en todos los aspectos = all-round.

* en todos los sentidos = in all respects, in every sense.

* en todos menos en = in all but.

* en todos y cada uno de = in all.

* escolarización para todos = universal schooling.

* eso es casi todo = that's about it.

* estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.

* estar en todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* estar metido en todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* estar pendiente de todo = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* estar todos en el mismo barco = be all in the same boat.

* exento de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* extenderse por todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* extenderse por todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* facilitarle la vida a todos = simplify + life for everyone.

* famoso en todo el mundo = world-famous [world famous], world-renowned, world-renown.

* fuente de todos los males, la = root of all evil, the.

* fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.

* gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.

* hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.

* hacerlo todo excepto = stop at + nothing short of.

* hacerlo todo menos = stop at + nothing short of.

* hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.

* hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard.

* hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).

* hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.

* hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.

* hacer todo lo que está en nuestras manos = pull out + all the stops.

* hacer todo lo que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + best, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can.

* hacer todo lo que Uno pueda (dado) = do + the best possible (with).

* hacer un todo de = lump + Nombre + into.

* hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.

* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.

* igual para todos = one size fits all.

* incluir a todo el mundo = inclusivity.

* incluirlo todo = be all inclusive.

* insuficiente para todos = insufficient to go round.

* integrar formando un todo = articulate.

* ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.

* ir todo bien = be fine.

* ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.

* jalárselo todo = scoff + the lot, eat + Posesivo + way through.

* jugarse el todo por el todo = take + the plunge, risk + life and limb.

* jugárselo todo = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.

* jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.

* libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* llegar a todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* llegar a todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.

* llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.

* lo mejor de todo = best of all.

* lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.

* más bien todo lo contrario = quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* más que todo lo demás = beyond all else.

* más que todos nosotros juntos = more than all of us put together.

* meter las manos en todo = have + a finger in every pie.

* meterse en todos los fregados = have + a finger in every pie.

* motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.

* no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.

* no creerse Algo del todo = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.

* no del todo maduro, verde = underripe.

* no ser oro todo lo que reluce = not + it's cracked up to be.

* no somos todos iguales = one size doesn't fit all.

* No todo lo que reluce es oro = All that glitters is not gold, Not all that is gold glitters.

* ocurrir todo a la vez = happen + all at once.

* origen de todos males, el = root of all evil, the.

* para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.

* para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* para toda la universidad = university-wide.

* para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.

* para todo el mercado = industry-wide.

* para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.

* para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].

* para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* pasar a toda velocidad = whiz.

* póliza de seguro a todo riesgo = all risks cover.

* poner toda la carne en el asador = shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke.

* poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.

* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.

* poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.

* que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.

* que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.

* que bate todos los récords = record breaking.

* que cubre todo el cuerpo = head to toe.

* que dura todo el año = year-round.

* que lo abarca todo = all-embracing.

* que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.

* reconocido por todos = widely recognised.

* relación parte = whole/part relationship.

* replantearse todo desde cero = get back to + basics.

* reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.

* resistir con todas las fuerzas = resist + with every cell in + Posesivo + body.

* respetado por todos = widely-respected.

* revolucionarlo todo = turn + everything upside down.

* revolverlo todo = turn + everything upside down.

* sacarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* sacarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* salir a toda prisa = make + a hasty exit.

* seguro a todo riesgo = comprehensive insurance, all-risk insurance.

* ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.

* ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.

* ser justo con todos = give the devil his due.

* serlo todo para todos = be all things to all men, be all things to all people.

* ser todo corazón = have + a heart of gold.

* ser todo oídos = be all ears.

* ser todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* ser todo ventajas = the best of both worlds.

* ser todo vida = be all life.

* si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.

* si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.

* sobre todas las cosas = above all things.

* sobre todo = above all, above everything else, in particular, above all things.

* tan amado de todos = so beloved of all.

* tan amado por todos = so beloved of all.

* tan querido por todos = so beloved of all.

* tan queridos de todos = so beloved of all.

* tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.

* tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.

* tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.

* tener todas las posibilidades de = have + every possibility of.

* tener todo + Nombre + a + Posesivo + disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.

* tener todo + Nombre + para + Pronombre = have + the run of the + Nombre.

* tener todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tienda de todo a cien = dollar store.

* tienda que vende de todo = general store.

* titular a toda plana = headline banner.

* toda alma viviente = every living soul.

* toda clase de = all sorts of.

* toda la comunidad = the community at large.

* toda la fuerza = full force.

* toda la fuerza de = the full force of.

* toda la fuerza del impacto = full force.

* toda la noche = all night long.

* toda la sociedad = society at large.

* toda la trupe = in full force.

* toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.

* toda la vida = from the cradle to the grave, whole lifelong, whole life.

* todas las florituras = all the bells and whistles.

* todas las iniciales del nombre propio = full initials.

* todas las partes implicadas = all concerned.

* todas las personas implicadas = all concerned.

* todas las razones del mundo = every reason.

* todas las semanas = weekly.

* toda una serie de = a whole series of.

* toda una vida = a lifetime.

* toda una vida de experiencia = a lifetime of experience.

* toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.

* todo a la vez = all at once.

* todo al mismo tiempo = all at once.

* todo bicho viviente = every living soul, everyone and their mother, every Tom, Dick and Harry.

* todo confuso = in a state of disarray.

* todo continúa como antes = life goes on as before.

* todo cuesta algo = nothing comes without a cost.

* todo de una vez = in one lump.

* todo de (un) golpe = all at once.

* todo dios = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.

* todo el año = year-round.

* todo el cotarro = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.

* todo el día = all day, all day long, around the clock.

* todo el fin de semana = all weekend long.

* todo el mundo = all and sundry, every Tom, Dick and Harry, everybody, each and everyone.

* todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.

* todo el peso de la ley = full force of the law, the, full force of the law, the.

* todo el rato = all the while.

* todo el santo día = all day long.

* todo el tiempo = all of the time, left, right and centre, the whole time, all the while.

* todo el tinglado = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.

* todo en su conjunto = whole affair, the.

* todo en uno = all in one.

* todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.

* todo está a la vista = what you see is what you get.

* todo esto = the whole thing.

* todo excepto = everything except (for).

* todo florido = in full blossom.

* todo hijo de vecino = every Tom, Dick and Harry.

* todo incluido = all-inclusive.

* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.

* todo liado = in a state of disarray.

* todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.

* todo lo demás = all else.

* todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.

* todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.

* todo lujo de detalles = chapter and verse.

* todo marcha bien = everything is hunky-dory.

* todo menos = everything except (for).

* todo mindundi = every Tom, Dick and Harry.

* todo + Nombre = the whole + Nombre.

* todo queda en casa = all in the family.

* todo quisque = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.

* todo quisqui = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.

* todo recto = straight ahead, straight on.

* todos = everybody, everyone, them all, all comers, great and small, all concerned, anyone and everyone.

* todos a cubierta = all hands on deck!.

* todos a la faena = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

* todos al rescate = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

* todo seguido = continuously, straight ahead, straight on.

* todos ellos = them all.

* todo ser humano = every living soul.

* todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.

* todos excepto = everyone except, everybody except.

* todos excepto + Número = all but + Número.

* todos lo demás = everyone else.

* todos los accesorios extras = all the bells and whistles.

* todos los adornos extras = all the bells and whistles.

* todos los años = on a yearly basis, year in and year out, year-on-year.

* todos los demás = everybody else.

* todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.

* todos los días = daily, on a daily basis, every day, day in and day out.

* todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.

* todos los otros = all of the other.

* todos manos a la obra = all hands to the pump(s), all hands on deck.

* todos menos = everyone except, everybody except.

* todos menos + Número = all but + Número.

* todos nosotros = all of us.

* todos por igual = share and share alike.

* todos ustedes = you all.

* todos vosotros = you all.

* todos y cada uno = all and sundry, in full force, each and everyone.

* todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.

* todos y cada uno de + Adjetivo + Nombre = Pronombre + every + Nombre.

* todo tiene sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes = swings and roundabouts, what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.

* todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.

* todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.

* todo va a las mil maravillas = everything is hunky-dory.

* todo vale = no holds barred.

* trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.

* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.

* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* Verbo + sobre todo = Verbo + the most.

* vida a toda pastilla = life in the fast lane.

* y lo peor de todo = and worst of all.

* y sobre todo = and worst of all.

* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.

* zampárselo todo = scoff + the lot.

* * *

todo¹ -da [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

adjective

A

1

(la totalidad de): invitó a toda la clase she invited the whole class

ha estado llorando toda or todita la mañana ( fam); he's been crying all morning o the whole morning

no lo he visto en todo el día/toda la semana I haven't seen him all day/all week

todo el secreto consiste en usar un buen caldo the secret of the whole thing is to use good stock

dedicó toda su vida a la investigación he dedicated his entire o whole life to research

se recorrió todo México she traveled all over Mexico

España toda lo acompaña the whole of Spain is with him

deja las cosas tiradas por todos lados he leaves things lying about everywhere o all over the place

empujó con todas sus fuerzas she pushed with all her might

todas y cada una de las necesidades de su empresa each and every one of o all of your company's needs

me gustan todos los deportes I like all sports

todos ustedes lo sabían all of you knew, you all knew

2

(uso enfático): a toda velocidad at top speed

a todo correr as fast as possible

le dieron todo tipo or toda clase de facilidades they gave him every facility

está fuera de toda duda it's beyond all doubt

a todo esto (mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime; (a propósito) incidentally, by the way

a todo esto, a Juan se lo habían llevado al hospital while all this was happening o meanwhile o in the meantime they had taken Juan to (the) hospital

3 todo lo + ADJ/ADV:

puedes hacerlo todo lo largo que quieras you can make it as long as you like

B

(cualquier, cada): toda persona detenida debe ser informada de sus derechos all detainees must be informed of their rights, anyone who is detained must be informed of his or her rights

todo artículo importado all imported items, any imported item

todo tipo de información all kinds of information

todo aquél que se sienta capaz anyone who feels capable

todos los días/los jueves/los años every day/Thursday/year

todos los primeros viernes de mes the first Friday of every month

Compuesto:

todo terreno

masculine todoterreno m 1. (↑ todoterreno)

todo²

masculine

el/un todo the/a whole

dos mitades forman un todo two halves make a whole

jugarse el todo por el todo to risk o gamble everything on one throw

todo³ -da [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

pronoun

A (refiriéndose a un conjunto)

1 ( en sing) everything

lo han perdido todo they've lost everything

a pesar de todo la sigo queriendo despite everything I still love her

todo le parece poco he's never satisfied

come todo lo que quieras eat as much as you like

te puedes quedar todo lo que quieras you can stay as long as you like

no fue todo lo interesante que pensábamos que iba a ser it wasn't as interesting as we thought it would be

¿eso es todo? is that all?

se cree que lo sabe todo he thinks he knows it all

con él siempre es o todo o nada with him it's always (a case of) all or nothing

2 todos/todas (referido — a cosas) all; (— a personas) all, everybody

se rompieron todos they all broke

los compró todos she bought all of them

vinieron todos they all came, everybody came

son todos compañeros de clase they're all classmates

¿están todos? is everyone o everybody here?

¿estamos todos? are we all here?

B ( en locs):

con todo y con eso or con todo ( fam) (aun así) all the same, even so; (bien mirado) all in all

con todo, sigo pensando que … all the same o even so I still think that …

de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything

venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things

hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything

del todo totally

está loca del todo she's completely o totally mad

fue del todo imposible it was absolutely o totally impossible

eso no es del todo cierto that's not entirely o totally true

y todo: estropeado y todo, éste es mucho más valioso damaged though it is, this one is still much more valuable

enfermo y todo, vino a trabajar sick as he was, he still came to work

tuvo que venir la policía y todo ( fam); the police had to come and everything ( colloq)

de todas, todas ( fam): ¿es verdad? — de todas, todas is it true? — you bet it is! ( colloq)

ganó de todas, todas he won by a mile ( colloq)

me las pagará/pagarás todas juntas one of these days I'll get even with him/you for all of this

no tenerlas todas consigo to be a little worried o uneasy

ser todo uno: verla entrar y ponerse a llorar fue todo uno he saw her come in and immediately o promptly burst into tears

C ( como adv)

1 (completamente) all

está todo mojado it's all wet

iba toda vestida de negro she was dressed all in black

tiene la cara toda marcada her face is badly scarred

está toda entusiasmada con la idea del viaje she's all o terribly excited about the trip

todo alrededor del puño all o right around the cuff

2 (en frases ponderativas) quite

ya es toda una señorita she's a real young lady now, she's quite a young lady now

aquello fue todo un espectáculo that was quite a show!, that was some show!

3

(indicando cualidad predominante): el pescado era todo espinas the fish was full of bones

cuéntame, soy toda oídos tell me, I'm all ears

por toda respuesta lanzó un bufido/me guiñó el ojo his only reply was to snort/wink at me

* * *

todo 1
◊ -da adjetivo

1 ( la totalidad de) all;
◊ nos comimos todo el pan we ate all the bread;

toda la mañana all morning, the whole morning;
invitó a toda la clase she invited the whole class;
por todos lados all over the place;
todos ustedes lo sabían you all knew;
See Also→ mundo 1
2 (cualquier, cada):
◊ todo artículo importado all imported items, any imported item;

todo aquel que quiera anyone who wishes to;
todos los días every day
3 ( uso enfático):
◊ a toda velocidad at top speed;

con toda inocencia in all innocence;
le dieron todo tipo de facilidades they gave him all kind of facilities;
a todo esto ( mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime;

( a propósito) incidentally, by the way
■ pronombre
1
a) ( sin excluir nada) everything;

◊ lo perdieron todo they lost everything;

todo le parece poco he's never satisfied;
come todo lo que quieras eat as much as you like;
todo o nada all or nothing
b)

◊ todos/todas ( referido a — cosas) all;

(— a personas) all, everybody;
◊ los compró todos she bought all of them;

vinieron todos they all came, everybody came;
buena suerte a todos good luck to everybody;
es el más alto de todos he's the tallest of the lot o of them all;
¿están todos? is everyone o everybody here?;
todos y cada uno each and every one
2 ( en locs)
◊ con todo (y eso) (fam) ( aun así) all the same, even so;

de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything;
venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things;
hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything;
del todo totally
3 ( como adv)
a) ( completamente) all;

◊ está todo mojado it's all wet

b) ( en frases ponderativas) quite;

◊ fue todo un espectáculo it was quite a show!

todo 2 sustantivo masculino:
◊ el/un todo the/a whole;

jugarse el todo por el todo to risk o gamble everything on one throw
todo,-a
1 adjetivo
1 (la totalidad: singular) all, whole: recorrió toda España, she travelled all over Spain
toda la semana, the whole week o all week
toda tu vida, your entire life o all your life
2 (: plural) all: todos sus hermanos, all his brothers
todos lo sabíamos, we all knew
se comió todas las fresas, she ate all the strawberries
3 (todo el mundo) todos están riendo, everybody is laughing
4 (cada, cualquier) every: viene todos los meses, he comes every month
todo el que desee..., anyone who wishes to...
5 fam (intensificador) through and through: es toda una atleta, she is every inch an athlete
II pron
1 (sin excepciones, sin exclusiones) everything: lo compró todo, he bought it all
lo perdió todo, he lost everything
lo sabe todo, she knows everything
todo son problemas, there's nothing but trouble
eso es todo, that's all
(todo el mundo) todos piensan que eres muy lista, everybody thinks you're very clever
nos invitó a todos, he invited all of us
todos y cada uno, each and every one
III adv (por completo, totalmente) estaba todo convencido, he was entirely convinced
estás todo mojado, you are all wet
está todo nervioso, he's terribly o all excited
IV sustantivo masculino todo (total, suma) whole
en todo o en parte, in whole or in part
All y whole tienen significados parecidos, pero se usan en estructuras diferentes. All se coloca delante de un artículo, pronombre posesivo o demostrativo, mientras que whole se coloca después: all the world, pero the whole world; all your family, pero your whole family; all this time, pero this whole time. Recuerda que no puedes usar whole sin artículo o pronombre correspondiente ni con sustantivos que indican masa (incontables). Por tanto, la traducción de todo el vino es all the wine y no the whole wine.
El plural todos o todo el mundo se traduce por everybody o everyone. Aunque el verbo acompañante aparezca en singular, cualquier pronombre que emplees debe estar en plural: Todos deben traer sus propios bolígrafos. Everybody has to bring their (own) pens.

' todo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abarcar
- acabar
- alta
- alto
- amén
- anochecer
- ante
- arramblar
- arriba
- bendita
- bendito
- bicho
- bocado
- borraja
- borrosa
- borroso
- bregar
- caballero
- cachaza
- camino
- carente
- caso
- cháchara
- color
- comandita
- comerse
- con
- conforme
- contrapelo
- contraria
- contrario
- control
- corazón
- Cristo
- cuanta
- cuanto
- danza
- decir
- delante
- derecha
- derecho
- descaminada
- descaminado
- despojar
- después
- dios
- disponer
- empeño
- encerrarse
- encima
English:
above
- above-board
- abrupt
- ache
- aching
- act up
- add up
- agreement
- ahead
- aid
- all
- all-in
- altogether
- always
- amok
- anyhow
- anything
- appearance
- as
- backdrop
- ball
- be-all and end-all
- behind
- bend
- best
- blare out I
- blast
- blast out
- blow
- blunder
- boat
- boil down
- bottom
- breast
- but
- by
- call
- careless
- character
- checklist
- cheese off
- chiefly
- clause
- clean
- clear up
- colour
- come out
- come to
- common
- comprehensive

* * *

todo, -a

♦ adj

1. [el conjunto o total de] all;

todo el día all day;

todo el libro the whole book, all (of) the book;

todo el vino all (of) the wine;

todas las manzanas all the apples;

todos los americanos all Americans;

toda esta planta está dedicada al impresionismo all (of) o the whole of this floor is devoted to impressionism;

todo un día está dedicado a visitar la ciudad a whole day is devoted to visiting the city;

todos ellos se marcharon they all left;

toda su ilusión es conocer Europa her greatest wish is to visit Europe;

por todas partes everywhere;

todo el mundo, Méx [m5] todo mundo everybody;

en todo momento at all times;

ilustraciones a todo color full-colour illustrations;

un seguro a todo riesgo a comprehensive insurance policy;

subimos la calle a toda velocidad we went up the street as fast as we could o at top speed;

todo Buenos Aires habla de ello the whole of o all of Buenos Aires is talking about it

2. [cada, cualquier] every;

todos los días/lunes every day/Monday;

como todo mexicano sabe… as every Mexican knows…, as all Mexicans know…;

todo edificio de más de veinte años pasará una revisión all buildings that are more than twenty years old will be inspected;

todo aquel que o [m5] todo el que viole las normas anybody o anyone who breaks the rules;

todos aquellos que o [m5] todos los que están en huelga all those (who are) on strike

3. [para enfatizar]
es todo un hombre he's every inch a man;

ya es toda una mujer she's a grown woman now;

fue todo un éxito it was a great success;

se produjo todo un cúmulo de casualidades there was a whole series of coincidences

4. [del todo]
el jardín estaba todo descuidado the garden was completely o all neglected;

se puso toda enojada she got all annoyed

♦ pron

1. [singular] everything;

lo vendió todo he sold everything, he sold it all;

todo está listo everything is ready, it's all ready;

todo es poco tratándose de sus hijos nothing is too much when it comes to her children;

se enoja por todo he gets angry at the slightest thing;

eso es todo that's all

Comp
Esp todo a cien [tienda] Br ≈ pound shop, US ≈ nickel-and-dime store
2.
todos [todas las personas] everybody, everyone;
[todas las cosas] all of them;
todos vinieron everybody o everyone came, they all came;

quiero agradecer a todos su cooperación I would like to thank you all o everybody o everyone for your cooperation;

¿estamos todos? are we all here?, is everybody o everyone here?;

todos están rotos they're all broken, all of them are broken;

me los ha dado todos she's given me all of them, she's given me them all

3. [otras frases]
ante todo [sobre todo] above all;
[en primer lugar] first of all;
con todo (y con eso) all the same;

de todo everything (you can think of);

tenemos de todo we have everything;

puede pasar de todo anything could happen;

después de todo after all;

del todo completely;

no estoy del todo contento I'm not entirely happy;

no lo hace mal del todo she doesn't do it at all badly;

en todo y por todo entirely;

está en todo he thinks of everything;

pese a todo, a pesar de todo in spite of o despite everything;

todo lo más at (the) most;

y todo: me invitó a cenar y todo she even asked me to dinner;

se presentó en la fiesta con muletas y todo he turned up at the party, crutches and all;

Comp

de todas todas without a shadow of a doubt;

Comp

fue todo uno: subirse al barco y marearse fue todo uno no sooner had he got on the boat than he felt sick

♦ nm

whole;

jugarse el todo por el todo to stake everything

♦ adv
[totalmente]
el camarero era todo amabilidad the waiter was all friendliness, the waiter was extremely friendly;

esa chica es todo huesos that girl is all skin and bones;

Comp

soy todo oídos I'm all ears

♦ a todo esto loc adv
[mientras tanto] meanwhile; [a propósito] by the way
* * *

todo

I adj all;

todos los domingos every Sunday;

toda la clase the whole o the entire class

II adv all;

estaba todo sucio it was all dirty;

con todo all the same;

del todo entirely, absolutely

III pron all, everything; pl everybody, everyone;

estaban todos everybody was there;

esto es todo cuanto sé that’s all I know

IV en locuciones

:

o todo o nada all or nothing;

de todas todas fam without a shadow of a doubt;

ir a por todas go all out;

estar en todo be on top of things

* * *

todo, -da adj

1) : all, whole, entire

con toda sinceridad: with all sincerity

toda la comunidad: the whole community

2) : every, each

a todo nivel: at every level

3) : maximum

a toda velocidad: at top speed

4)

todo el mundo : everyone, everybody

todo nm

: whole

todo, -da pron

1) : everything, all, every bit

lo sabe todo: he knows it all

es todo un soldado: he's every inch a soldier

2) todos, -das pl

: everybody, everyone, all

* * *

todo¹ adj

1. (en general) all

toda la familia all the family

todo el día all day

2. (cada) every

todos los días every day

todos los veranos every summer

3. (la totalidad de) whole

toda la ciudad the whole city

jugué todo el partido I played the whole match

4. (uso enfático) quite

este premio es todo un logro this prize is quite an achievement

a toda velocidad at top speed

todo el mundo everyone / everybody

todo² adv all

iba toda vestida de rojo she was all dressed in red

soy todo oídos I'm all ears

todo³ pron

1. (en general) all

me llamaron todos they all phoned me

se lo comió todo he ate all of it

2. (todas las cosas) everything

le gusta todo she likes everything

se comió todo he ate everything

3. (toda la gente) everyone / everybody

vinieron todos everyone came

ante todo above all

con todo even so

del todo totally

sobre todo especially

Spanish-English dictionary > todo
5 para

prep.

1 for.

es para ti it's for you

una mesa para el salón a table for the living room

esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink

te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand

¿para qué? what for?

2 (in order) to.

para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims

lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you

3 toward.

ir para casa to head (for) home

salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport

4 for (time).

tiene que estar acabado para mañana it has to be finished by o for tomorrow

diez para las once ten to eleven (Am salvo RP)

5 to.

la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served

el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: parar.

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: parir.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: parar.

* * *

para

► preposición

1 (finalidad) for

■ he comprado un regalo para mi abuela I've bought a present for my grandmother

■ es para su cumpleaños it's for her birthday

2 (uso, utilidad) for

■ los cuchillos son para cortar, no para jugar con ellos knives are for cutting, not for playing with

■ ¿tienes algo para el dolor de cabeza? have you got anything for a headache?

3 (destino, dirección) for, to

■ salimos para Lugo el domingo we leave for Lugo on Sunday

■ el tren para Toledo sale a las 18.00 the train to Toledo leaves at 18.00

■ ¿para dónde vas? where are you going?

■ voy para allá inmediatamente I'll be there in a minute

4 (tiempo, fechas límites) by, before

■ lo necesito para el viernes I need it by Friday

■ la carretera estará acabada para antes del verano the road will be finished before the summer

5 (comparación) for

■ para los años que tiene está muy activa she's very active for her age

■ pesa poquísimo para lo grande que es it's very light for its size

► conjunción

1 (finalidad) to, in order to

■ lo hice para ahorrar tiempo I did it to save time

■ para estar sano es preciso comer bien in order to be healthy one must eat properly

2 (suficiente) enough

■ tal como nos han tratado es para no volver nunca más the way they treated us is enough to make you never go back there again

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

para entonces by then

para con towards, to

■ han sido muy injustos para con los empleados they have been very unfair to their employees

■ cumplió con sus obligaciones para con la iglesia he fulfilled his obligations to the church

para que so that

■ déjale una nota a tu madre para que sepa dónde estás leave your mother a note so that she knows where you are

■ cierra la puerta para que no entre el perro shut the door so that the dog doesn't get in

■ aún es pronto para que vuelvan it's still too early for them to be back

¿para qué? what for?

■ ¿para qué has comprado eso? what did you buy that for?

¡que para qué! familiar very, really, terribly

■ ¡hace un frío que para qué! it's freezing

■ ¡es más torpe que para qué! she's so clumsy!

* * *

prep.

1) for

2) to

3) towards

4) by

•

- para adelante
- para detrás
- para que
* * *
I
PREP

1) [indicando finalidad, uso] for

un regalo para ti — a present for you

psicológicamente no estoy preparado para eso — I'm not psychologically ready for that

es demasiado cara para nosotros — it's too dear for us, it's beyond our means

no tengo para el viaje — I haven't got enough money for the trip

léelo para ti — read it to yourself

nació para poeta — he was born to be a poet

ya no estoy para estos trotes — I'm not up to this sort of thing anymore

yo no valgo para esto — I'm no good at this

una taza para café — a coffee cup

laca para el pelo — hairspray

para esto, podíamos habernos quedado en casa — if this is it, we might as well have stayed at home

2)

para que —

a) + subjun

lo traje para que lo vieras — I brought it so (that) you could see it

es para que lo leas — it's for you to read

un regalo para que te acuerdes de mí — a present for you to remember me by

para que eso fuera posible tendrías que trabajar mucho — you would have to work hard for that to be possible

b) [en preguntas]

¿para qué lo quieres? — why do you want it?, what do you want it for?

¿para qué sirve? — what's it for?

-¿por qué no se lo dices? -¿para qué? — "why don't you tell her?" - "what's the point o use?"

tú ya has pasado por eso, ¿para qué te voy a contar? — you've already been through that, so there's no point o use me telling you

que para qué * —

tengo un hambre que para qué — [uso enfático] I'm absolutely starving *

hay un embotellamiento que para qué — there's a huge traffic jam

3) + infin

a) [indicando finalidad] to

lo hizo para salvarse — he did it (in order) to save himself

para comprarlo necesitas cinco dólares más — to buy it you need another five dollars

estoy ahorrando para comprarme una moto — I'm saving up to buy a motorbike, I'm saving up for a motorbike

entré despacito para no despertarla — I went in slowly so as not to wake her

no es para comer — it's not for eating, it's not to be eaten

tengo bastante para vivir — I have enough to live on

es muy tarde para salir — it's too late to go out

b) [indicando secuencia temporal]

se casaron para separarse en seguida — they married only to separate soon after

el rey visitará Argentina para volar después a Chile — the king will visit Argentina and then fly on to Chile

4) [con expresiones de tiempo]

con esto tengo para rato — this will take me a while

lo dejamos para mañana — let's leave it till tomorrow

tengo muchos deberes para mañana — I have a lot of homework to do for tomorrow

lo recordaré para siempre — I'll remember it forever

ahora para las vacaciones de agosto hará un año — it'll be a year ago this o come the August holiday

va para un año desde la última vez — it's getting on for a year since the last time

lo tendré listo para fin de mes — I'll have it ready by o for the end of the month

para entonces ya era tarde — it was already too late by then

para las dos estaba lloviendo — by two o'clock it was raining

un cuarto para las diez — LAm a quarter to ten

son cinco para las ocho — LAm it's five to eight

5) [indicando dirección]

para atrás — back, backwards

para la derecha — to the right

el autobús para Marbella — the bus for Marbella, the Marbella bus

iba para el metro — I was going towards the underground

ir para casa — to go home, head for home

salir para Panamá — to leave for Panama

6) [indicando opiniones]

para mí que miente — in my opinion o if you ask me he's lying

no hay niño feo para una madre — all mothers think their baby is beautiful

7) [en comparaciones]

es mucho para lo que suele dar — this is a lot in comparison with what he usually gives

¿quién es usted para gritarme así? — who are you to shout at me like that?

para profesor habla muy mal — he doesn't speak very clearly for a teacher

para ser un niño lo hace muy bien — he does it very well for a child

para patatas, las de mi pueblo — if it's potatoes you want, look no further than my home town

para ruidosos, los españoles — there's nobody like the Spaniards for being noisy

8) [indicando trato]

para con — to, towards

tan amable para con todos — so kind to o towards everybody
estar 1., 7), ir 1., 10) II
* SM paratrooper, para *

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

una carta para él — a letter for him

¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

lee para ti — read to yourself

fue muy amable para con todos — he was very friendly to everyone

¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

no sirve para este trabajo — he's no good at this kind of work

¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

champú para bebés — baby shampoo

jarabe para la tos — cough mixture

que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

2)

para + inf — to + inf

para serte sincero — to tell you the truth

esta agua no es para beber — this isn't drinking water

está listo para pintar — it's ready to be painted o for painting

para aprobar — (in order) to pass

entró en puntillas para no despertarla — he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her

3)

para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

4) ( expresando consecuencia) to

para su desgracia — unfortunately for him

para mi sorpresa — (much) to my surprise

Sentido II

5) ( expresando suficiencia) for

no hay para todos — there isn't enough for everybody

no es para tanto — it's not that bad

para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

hace demasiado frío para salir — it's too cold to go out

son altos para su edad — they're tall for their age

para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

7)

estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

no estoy para bromas — I'm in no mood for joking

está para tirarla a la basura — it's only fit for throwing out

no está (como) para salir sin abrigo — it's not warm enough to go out without a coat

8) ( expresando puntos de vista)

para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

lo es todo para él — she's everything to him

¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

Sentido III

9)

a) ( indicando dirección)

salieron para el aeropuerto — they left for the airport

empuja para arriba — push up o upward(s)

¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

tráelo para acá — bring it over here

córrete para atrás — move back

b) ( en sentido figurado)

ya vamos para viejos — we're getting old o getting on

va para los 50 años — she's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

Sentido IV

10) ( en relaciones de tiempo)

a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

estará listo para el día 15 — it'll be ready by o for the 15th

deberes para el lunes — homework for Monday

faltan cinco minutos para que termine — there are five minutes to go before the end

me lo prometió para después de Pascua — he promised me it for after Easter

¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

estará listo para finales de agosto — it'll be ready sometime around the end of August

para entonces estaré en Madrid — I'll be in Madrid (by) then

¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

tengo hora para mañana — I have an appointment (for) tomorrow

b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to

son cinco para las diez — it's five to ten

11)

a) ( expresando duración)

para siempre — forever

tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

b) ( con idea de finalidad) for

¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

12) ( en secuencias de acciones)

se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

salió sólo para volver a entrar — he went out only to come in again

* * *

= for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.

Ex. For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.

Ex. This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.

Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex. Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.

Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.

Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.

Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.

Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

Ex. Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.

Ex. The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.

Ex. Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.

Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.

Ex. In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.

Ex. The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.

Ex. The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.

Ex. The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.

Ex. Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.

----

* ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.

* para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.

* para actuar = for action.

* para alguna gente = to some people.

* para algunas personas = to some people.

* para algunos = to some.

* para aquel entonces = by then.

* para atraer al cliente = window dressing.

* para beneficio de = for the good of.

* para bien = for the best, for the better.

* para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.

* para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.

* para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.

* para bodas = bridal.

* para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].

* para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.

* para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.

* para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.

* para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.

* para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para cuando = by the time.

* para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.

* para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.

* para decir la verdad = to be honest.

* para detrimento de = to the neglect of.

* para diario = everyday.

* para disgusto de = to the disgust of.

* para divertirse = for kicks.

* para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* para el año próximo = for the year ahead.

* para el arrastre = over the hill.

* para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.

* para el bien de = for the benefit of.

* para el caso = for that matter.

* para el esparcimiento = recreational.

* para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.

* para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.

* para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.

* para el ocio = recreational.

* para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.

* para embalsamar = embalming.

* para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.

* para entonces = by then.

* para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.

* para eso = therefor.

* para este fin = to this end.

* para esto = therefor.

* para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* para expresar dimensiones = by.

* para + Fecha = by + Fecha.

* para finales de = by the end of.

* para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.

* para finalizar = in closing.

* para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].

* para futuras consultas = for future reference.

* para hacer dinero = money-making.

* para hacer esto = in this.

* para hacer fundas = sleeving.

* para hacer juego = to match.

* para hacer justicia = in fairness to.

* para hacer las paces = peace offering.

* para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.

* para hacer más fácil = for ease of.

* para impresionar = for effect.

* para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.

* para jóvenes = youth-serving.

* para la eternidad = in perpetuity.

* para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.

* para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.

* para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.

* para la posteridad = for posterity.

* para la web = Web-related.

* para llamar la atención = for effect.

* para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* para más información = for further details.

* para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.

* para mayor información sobre = for details of.

* para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.

* para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.

* para mí = for myself.

* para microordenadores = micro-computer based.

* para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.

* para no = so as not to.

* para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.

* para no ser menos = not to be outdone.

* para novias = bridal.

* para + Número = seat + Número.

* para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.

* para orquesta = orchestral.

* para otra ocasión = for future reference.

* para para lavarse la cara = washrag.

* para partirse de risa = side-splitting.

* para PCs = PC-based.

* para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.

* para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.

* para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.

* para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.

* para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.

* para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.

* para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.

* para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.

* para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.

* para protegerse = protectively.

* para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.

* para que así conste = for the record.

* para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.

* para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.

* para que no falte = for good measure.

* para que no falte de nada = for good measure.

* para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.

* para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.

* para que quede constancia = for the record.

* para que quede más claro = for main effects.

* para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.

* para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.

* para ser específico = to be specific.

* para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.

* para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.

* para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.

* para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.

* para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.

* para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.

* para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.

* para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.

* para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.

* para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.

* para terminar = in closing.

* para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* para toda la universidad = university-wide.

* para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.

* para todo el mercado = industry-wide.

* para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.

* para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].

* para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* para tomar medidas = for action.

* para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.

* para una única ocasión = one-time.

* para un futuro mejor = for a better future.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* para uso del profesional = professional-use.

* para uso industrial = heavy-duty.

* para uso personal = for personal use.

* para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.

* para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.

* sin parar = interminably.

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

una carta para él — a letter for him

¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

lee para ti — read to yourself

fue muy amable para con todos — he was very friendly to everyone

¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

no sirve para este trabajo — he's no good at this kind of work

¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

champú para bebés — baby shampoo

jarabe para la tos — cough mixture

que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

2)

para + inf — to + inf

para serte sincero — to tell you the truth

esta agua no es para beber — this isn't drinking water

está listo para pintar — it's ready to be painted o for painting

para aprobar — (in order) to pass

entró en puntillas para no despertarla — he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her

3)

para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

4) ( expresando consecuencia) to

para su desgracia — unfortunately for him

para mi sorpresa — (much) to my surprise

Sentido II

5) ( expresando suficiencia) for

no hay para todos — there isn't enough for everybody

no es para tanto — it's not that bad

para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

hace demasiado frío para salir — it's too cold to go out

son altos para su edad — they're tall for their age

para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

7)

estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

no estoy para bromas — I'm in no mood for joking

está para tirarla a la basura — it's only fit for throwing out

no está (como) para salir sin abrigo — it's not warm enough to go out without a coat

8) ( expresando puntos de vista)

para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

lo es todo para él — she's everything to him

¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

Sentido III

9)

a) ( indicando dirección)

salieron para el aeropuerto — they left for the airport

empuja para arriba — push up o upward(s)

¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

tráelo para acá — bring it over here

córrete para atrás — move back

b) ( en sentido figurado)

ya vamos para viejos — we're getting old o getting on

va para los 50 años — she's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

Sentido IV

10) ( en relaciones de tiempo)

a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

estará listo para el día 15 — it'll be ready by o for the 15th

deberes para el lunes — homework for Monday

faltan cinco minutos para que termine — there are five minutes to go before the end

me lo prometió para después de Pascua — he promised me it for after Easter

¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

estará listo para finales de agosto — it'll be ready sometime around the end of August

para entonces estaré en Madrid — I'll be in Madrid (by) then

¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

tengo hora para mañana — I have an appointment (for) tomorrow

b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to

son cinco para las diez — it's five to ten

11)

a) ( expresando duración)

para siempre — forever

tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

b) ( con idea de finalidad) for

¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

12) ( en secuencias de acciones)

se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

salió sólo para volver a entrar — he went out only to come in again

* * *

= for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.

Ex: For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.

Ex: This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.

Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex: Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.

Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.

Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.

Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.

Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

Ex: Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.

Ex: The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.

Ex: Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.

Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.

Ex: In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.

Ex: The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.

Ex: The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.

Ex: The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.

Ex: Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.

* ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.

* para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.

* para actuar = for action.

* para alguna gente = to some people.

* para algunas personas = to some people.

* para algunos = to some.

* para aquel entonces = by then.

* para atraer al cliente = window dressing.

* para beneficio de = for the good of.

* para bien = for the best, for the better.

* para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.

* para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.

* para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.

* para bodas = bridal.

* para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].

* para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.

* para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.

* para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.

* para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.

* para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para cuando = by the time.

* para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.

* para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.

* para decir la verdad = to be honest.

* para detrimento de = to the neglect of.

* para diario = everyday.

* para disgusto de = to the disgust of.

* para divertirse = for kicks.

* para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* para el año próximo = for the year ahead.

* para el arrastre = over the hill.

* para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.

* para el bien de = for the benefit of.

* para el caso = for that matter.

* para el esparcimiento = recreational.

* para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.

* para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.

* para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.

* para el ocio = recreational.

* para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.

* para embalsamar = embalming.

* para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.

* para entonces = by then.

* para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.

* para eso = therefor.

* para este fin = to this end.

* para esto = therefor.

* para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* para expresar dimensiones = by.

* para + Fecha = by + Fecha.

* para finales de = by the end of.

* para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.

* para finalizar = in closing.

* para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].

* para futuras consultas = for future reference.

* para hacer dinero = money-making.

* para hacer esto = in this.

* para hacer fundas = sleeving.

* para hacer juego = to match.

* para hacer justicia = in fairness to.

* para hacer las paces = peace offering.

* para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.

* para hacer más fácil = for ease of.

* para impresionar = for effect.

* para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.

* para jóvenes = youth-serving.

* para la eternidad = in perpetuity.

* para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.

* para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.

* para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.

* para la posteridad = for posterity.

* para la web = Web-related.

* para llamar la atención = for effect.

* para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* para más información = for further details.

* para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.

* para mayor información sobre = for details of.

* para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.

* para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.

* para mí = for myself.

* para microordenadores = micro-computer based.

* para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.

* para no = so as not to.

* para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.

* para no ser menos = not to be outdone.

* para novias = bridal.

* para + Número = seat + Número.

* para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.

* para orquesta = orchestral.

* para otra ocasión = for future reference.

* para para lavarse la cara = washrag.

* para partirse de risa = side-splitting.

* para PCs = PC-based.

* para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.

* para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.

* para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.

* para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.

* para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.

* para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.

* para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.

* para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.

* para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.

* para protegerse = protectively.

* para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.

* para que así conste = for the record.

* para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.

* para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.

* para que no falte = for good measure.

* para que no falte de nada = for good measure.

* para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.

* para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.

* para que quede constancia = for the record.

* para que quede más claro = for main effects.

* para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.

* para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.

* para ser específico = to be specific.

* para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.

* para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.

* para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.

* para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.

* para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.

* para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.

* para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.

* para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.

* para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.

* para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.

* para terminar = in closing.

* para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* para toda la universidad = university-wide.

* para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.

* para todo el mercado = industry-wide.

* para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.

* para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].

* para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* para tomar medidas = for action.

* para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.

* para una única ocasión = one-time.

* para un futuro mejor = for a better future.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* para uso del profesional = professional-use.

* para uso industrial = heavy-duty.

* para uso personal = for personal use.

* para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.

* para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.

* sin parar = interminably.

* * *

para

prep

Sentido I

A (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

tengo buenas noticias para ustedes I have some good news for you

¿para qué revista escribes? what magazine do you write for?

lee para ti read to yourself

fue muy amable para con todos he was very friendly to everyone

¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?

no sirve para este trabajo he's no good at this kind of work

¿para qué lo quieres? what do you want it for?

¿para qué tuviste que ir a decírselo? what did you have to go and tell him for?, why did you have to go and tell him?

champú para bebés baby shampoo

jarabe para la tos cough mixture

que para qué (decirte/hablar) ( fam): hacía un frío que para qué (decirte) it was freezing cold ( colloq)

venían con un hambre que para qué (hablar) or para qué te voy a contar they were starving o so hungry when they got here!

B para + INF to + INF

está ahorrando para comprarse un coche she's saving up for a car o to buy a car

esta agua no es para beber this isn't drinking water

está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting

para serte sincero to tell you the truth

como para convencerse a sí misma as if to convince herself

para pasar al curso siguiente (in order) to go on to the next year

no hay que ser muy inteligente para darse cuenta you don't have to be very intelligent to realize that

nos cambiamos de sitio para ver mejor we changed places (so as) to see better

para no + INF so as not to + INF

entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her

C para QUE + SUBJ:

lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me

pídeselo — ¿para qué? ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it — what for? so he can say no?

para QUE no + SUBJ:

cierra la puerta para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us

D

1

(enfatizando la culminación de algo): para colmo or para rematarla se apagó la luz to crown o top o cap it all the light went out

2 (expresando efecto, consecuencia) to

para su desgracia unfortunately for him

para mi gran sorpresa to my great surprise, much to my surprise

Sentido II

A (expresando suficiencia) for

no había bastante para todos there wasn't enough for everybody o to go round

tranquilízate, no es para tanto calm down, it's not that bad

para + INF:

apenas tienen para comer they can barely afford to eat

soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it

bastante tengo yo con mis problemas (como) para estar ocupándome de los suyos I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with his as well

¡es (como) para matarlo! ( fam); I'll kill him! ( colloq)

para QUE + SUBJ:

basta que yo diga A para que él diga B if I say it's black, he'll say it's white

basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa he only has to walk in and she gets flustered

B

(en comparaciones, contrastes): hace demasiado calor para estar al sol it's too hot to be in the sun

son altos para su edad they're tall for their age

para lo que come, no está nada gordo considering how much he eats, he's not at all fat

díselo tú — ¡para el caso que me hacen …! you tell them — for all the notice they take of me …

para + INF:

para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent, considering it was completely off the cuff it was an excellent speech

¿quién se cree que es para hablarte así? who does she think she is, speaking to you like that o to speak to you like that?

para QUE + SUBJ:

son demasiado grandes para que les estés haciendo todo they're too old for you to be doing everything for them

para que se esté quejando todo el día … if he's going to spend all day complaining …

¡tanto preocuparse por ellos para que después hasta te acusen de metomentodo! all that worrying about them and then they go and accuse you of being a meddler!

C estar para algo/+ INF

(indicando estado): mira que no estoy para bromas look, I'm in no mood for joking o for jokes

estas botas están para tirarlas a la basura these boots are only fit for throwing out o for the trash o ( BrE) for the bin

no está (como) para salir tan de veranillo it's not warm enough to go out in such summery clothes

D

(expresando opiniones, puntos de vista): para mí que ya no viene if you ask me, he won't come now

para el padre, el niño es un Mozart en ciernes in the father's opinion o as far as the father's concerned, the boy is a budding Mozart

tú eres todo para mí you're everything to me

¿para ti qué es lo más importante? what's the most important thing for you?, what do you see as the most important thing?

esto es de gran interés para el lector this is of great interest to the reader

Sentido III

A

(indicando dirección): salieron para el aeropuerto they left for the airport

empuja para arriba push up o upward(s)

¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?

se los llevó para la casa de los abuelos she took them over to their grandparents' house

tráelo para acá/adentro bring it over here/inside

córrete para atrás move back

B

(en sentido figurado): ya vamos para viejos we're getting old o ( colloq) getting on

va para los 50 años she's pushing fifty ( colloq), she's going o ( BrE) getting on for fifty ( colloq)

Sentido IV (expresando relaciones de tiempo)

A

(señalando un plazo): tiene que estar listo para el día 15 it has to be ready by o for the 15th

¿qué deberes tienes para el lunes? what homework do you have for Monday?

son cinco para las diez ( AmL exc RPl) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]; it's five to ten

faltan cinco minutos para que termine la clase there are five minutes to go before the end of the class

me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised I could have it after Easter, he promised it to me for after Easter

¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?, how long will it take you to finish it?

B

1

(indicando fecha aproximada): piensan casarse para finales de agosto they plan to marry sometime around the end of August

para entonces quién sabe si todavía estaremos vivos who knows if we'll still be alive (by) then?

¿para cuándo espera? when is the baby due?

2 (indicando fecha fija) for

tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow

C

1

(expresando duración): para siempre forever

tengo para rato ( fam); I'm going to be a while (yet), this is going to take me a while (yet)

esto va para largo ( fam); this is going to take some time

2 (con idea de finalidad) for

¿qué le puedo regalar para el cumpleaños? what can I give him for his birthday?

D ( liter)

(en secuencias de acciones): se fue para nunca volver she went away never to return

fue puesto en libertad, para más tarde volver a ser detenido he was set free only to be rearrested later, he was set free but was rearrested later

* * *

Del verbo parar: ( conjugate parar)

para es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Del verbo parir: ( conjugate parir)

para es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
para
parar
parir
para preposición
1 (destino, finalidad, intención) for;
◊ una carta para él a letter for him;

¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?;
champú para bebés baby shampoo;
para eso no voy I might as well not go;
para + inf: ahorra para comprarse un coche he's saving up to buy a car;
tomé un taxi para no llegar tarde I took a taxi so I wouldn't be late;
está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting;
para aprobar (in order) to pass;
entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her;
lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me;
cierra para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
2
a) ( suficiencia) for;

◊ no hay para todos there isn't enough for everybody;

no es para tanto it's not that bad;
soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
b) (en comparaciones, contrastes):

◊ hace demasiado frío para salir it's too cold to go out;

son altos para su edad they're tall for their age;
para lo que come, no está gordo considering how much he eats, he's not fat;
¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?;
es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own
1 ( dirección):
◊ salieron para el aeropuerto they left for the airport;

empuja para arriba push up o upward(s);
¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
2 ( tiempo)
a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo):

◊ estará listo para el día 15 it'll be ready by o for the 15th;

deberes para el lunes homework for Monday;
faltan cinco minutos para que termine there are five minutes to go before the end;
me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised me it for after Easter;
¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?;
para entonces estaré en Madrid I'll be in Madrid (by) then;
tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to;

◊ son cinco para las diez it's five to ten

c) ( duración):

◊ para siempre forever;

tengo para rato (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)
parar ( conjugate parar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( detenerse) to stop;
◊ paró en seco she stopped dead;

ir/venir a para to end up;
fue a para a la cárcel he ended up in prison;
¿a dónde habrá ido a para aquella foto? what can have happened to that photo?;
¡a dónde iremos a para! I don't know what the world's coming to
2 ( cesar) to stop;
◊ para un momento hang on a minute;

ha estado lloviendo sin para it hasn't stopped raining;
no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute;
no para en casa she's never at home;
para DE + INF to stop -ing;
paró de llover it stopped raining
3 (AmL) [obreros/empleados] to go on strike
verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹coche/tráfico/persona› to stop;

‹motor/máquina› to stop, switch off
b) ‹ hemorragia› to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)

c) ‹balón/tiro› to save, stop;

‹ golpe› to block, ward off
2 (AmL)
a) ( poner de pie) to stand

b) ( poner vertical) ‹vaso/libro› to stand … up;

◊ el perro paró las orejas the dog pricked up its ears

pararse verbo pronominal
1 ( detenerse)
a) [ persona] to stop

b) [reloj/máquina] to stop;

[coche/motor] to stall;
◊ se me paró el reloj my watch stopped

2
a) (AmL) ( ponerse de pie) to stand up;

◊ párate derecho stand up straight;

se paró en una silla she stood on a chair;
¿te puedes para de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
b) (AmL) [ pelo] ( hacia arriba) to stick up;

( en los lados) to stick out
c) (Méx, Ven) ( levantarse de la cama) to get up

parir ( conjugate parir) verbo intransitivo [ mujer] to give birth;
[ vaca] to calve;
[yegua/burra] to foal;
[ oveja] to lamb
verbo transitivo
a) [ mujer] to give birth to, have

b) [ mamíferos] to have, bear (frml)

para preposición
1 (utilidad, aptitud) for: ¿para qué tanto esfuerzo?, what's all this effort for?
una pomada para las quemaduras, an ointment for burns
una tijera para zurdos, a pair of scissors for left-handed people
2 (finalidad, motivo) to, in order to: lo dijo para molestarme, she said it to annoy me
lo hace para que te fijes en él, he does it so that you notice him
3 (destinatario) for: es para mamá, it's for mum
hablaba para los votantes indecisos, he spoke to the undecided voters
es muy atento para con ella, he's very obliging towards her
4 (opinión) para Paco todas las mujeres son guapas, in Paco's opinion, all women are pretty
5 (comparación, concesión) for: para ser tan joven tiene ideas muy sensatas, he has very sensible ideas for his age
6 (rechazo) para una vez que hablo, me haces callar, the one time I speak, you shut me up
7 (tiempo) by: estará listo para las cinco, it'll be ready by five
para entonces, by then
8 (a punto de) está para salir, it's about to leave
9 (dirección) el tren para Burgos acaba de salir, the train for Burgos has just left
iba para tu casa, I was going to your house
Recuerda que cuando para expresa finalidad, se traduce por to o in order to (este último sólo se usa para evitar confusión): Me voy para ayudarte. I'm going in order to help you. Si usáramos sólo to significaría: Voy a ayudarte. Sin embargo, cuando después de para viene un sustantivo o un pronombre y no un verbo (esta llave es para aquella puerta), se traduce por for ( this key is for that door).
parar
I verbo intransitivo
1 to stop: para de saltar, stop jumping
para un momento en la farmacia, stop a minute at the chemist's
no pares de hablar, por favor, keep talking, please
2 (alojarse) to stay
3 (finalizar, terminar) el cuadro fue a parar al rastro, the painting ended up in the flea market
II verbo transitivo
1 to stop
2 Dep to save
3 LAm to stand up
♦ Locuciones: dónde va a parar, by far: mi hija es muchísmo más inteligente que la suya, dónde va a parar, my daughter is far more intelligent than theirs
parir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to give birth (to)
♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a parir, to run sb down
' para' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abalorio
- ablandar
- abreviar
- absoluta
- absoluto
- acá
- aceitera
- achuchar
- actuación
- adentro
- agitador
- agitadora
- alcanzar
- alfiler
- alguna
- alguno
- aliento
- alquiler
- alta
- amenaza
- añadidura
- ancha
- ancho
- ánimo
- año
- antesala
- antirrobo
- aplanar
- aprovechar
- apta
- aptitud
- apto
- aquí
- arca
- arena
- arrastre
- arriba
- arropar
- atonía
- atrás
- atril
- aunar
- auspicio
- baja
- bajo
- balde
- bálsamo
- bañarse
- banco
English:
AA
- ability
- about
- accessory
- accommodate
- achieve
- activity
- adapter
- adaptor
- adequate
- adequately
- admire
- adult
- advantage
- advantageous
- advertise
- aftershave (lotion)
- agitate
- agree
- all
- all-out
- allocate
- analyst
- antiallergenic
- antibiotic
- antidote
- antihistamine
- antipollution
- appease
- application
- appointment
- appropriate
- aptitude
- argue
- arm-twisting
- arms control
- around-the clock
- arrangement
- arson
- as
- ASPCA
- assailant
- assert
- assess
- assume
- astir
- astonishment
- attain
- attention span
- attractive

* * *

para prep

1. [indica destino, finalidad, motivación] for;

es para ti it's for you;

significa mucho para mí it means a lot to me;

“¡qué suerte!” dije para mí “how lucky,” I said to myself;

una mesa para el salón a table for the living-room;

desayuno para dos breakfast for two;

crema para zapatos shoe polish;

pastillas para dormir sleeping pills;

están entrenados para el combate they have been trained for combat;

estudia para dentista she's studying to become a dentist;

esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink;

para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims;

lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you;

me voy para no causar más molestias I'll go so I don't cause you any more inconvenience;

te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand;

resulta que se divorcian para un mes más tarde volverse a casar so they get divorced, only to remarry a month later;

para con towards;

es buena para con los demás she is kind towards other people;

¿para qué? what for?;

¿para qué quieres un martillo? what do you want a hammer for?, why do you want a hammer?;

¿para qué has venido? why are you here?;

¿para quién trabajas? who do you work for?

2. [indica dirección] towards;

el próximo vuelo para Caracas the next flight to Caracas;

ir para casa to head (for) home;

salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport;

para abajo downwards;

para arriba upwards;

tira para arriba pull up o upwards;

para atrás backwards;

échate para atrás [en asiento] lean back;

para delante forwards;

ya vas para viejo you're getting old;

esta muchacha va para pintora this girl has all the makings of a painter

3. [indica tiempo] for;

tiene que estar acabado para mañana/para antes de Navidad it has to be finished by o for tomorrow/before Christmas;

faltan cinco minutos para que salga el tren the train leaves in five minutes;

tienen previsto casarse para el 17 de agosto they plan to get married on 17 August;

llevamos comida para varios días we have enough food for several days;
Am salvo RP
diez para las once ten to eleven;
Am salvo RP
un cuarto para las once (a) quarter to eleven;

va para un año que no nos vemos it's getting on for a year since we saw each other;

¿y para cuándo un bebé? and when are you going to start a family?;

para entonces by then

4. [indica comparación]
tiene la estatura adecuada para su edad she is the normal height for her age;

está muy delgado para lo que come he's very thin considering how much he eats;

para ser verano hace mucho frío considering it's summer, it's very cold;

para ser un principiante no lo hace mal he's not bad for a beginner;

para lo que me ha servido… for all the use it's been to me…;

¡tanto esfuerzo para nada! all that effort for nothing!;

¿y tú quién eres para tratarla así? who do you think you are, treating her like that?;

yo no soy quien para decir… it's not for me to say…

5. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo) [indica inminencia, propósito] to;

la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served;

el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win

6. [indica opinión] for;

para Marx, la religión era el opio del pueblo for Marx, religion was the opium of the people;

para mí/ti/ etc as far as I'm/you're/ etc concerned;

para mí que no van a venir it looks to me like they're not coming;

¿para ti quién es más guapo? who do you think is the most handsome?

7. [indica disposición, estado]
no estoy para fiestas I'm not in the mood for parties;

el abuelo no está ya para hacer viajes largos grandfather's no longer up to going on long journeys;

¿hace día para ir sin chaqueta? is it warm enough to go out without a jacket on?

8. [indica consecuencia]
para su sorpresa, para sorpresa suya to her surprise;

para alegría de todos to everyone's delight;

para nuestra desgracia unfortunately for us

9. Comp

no es/fue/ etc[m5]. para tanto it's not/it wasn't/ etc such a big deal;

no llores, que no es para tanto don't cry, it's not such a big deal, there's no need to cry about it;

dicen que les trataron mal, pero no fue para tanto they say they were ill-treated, but that's going a bit far;
Fam
que para qué: hace un calor que para qué it's absolutely boiling;

este plato pica que para qué this dish is really hot, Br this dish isn't half hot

* * *

para

prp

1 for;

para mí for me

2 dirección toward(s);

ir para head for;

va para directora she’s going to end up as manager

3 tiempo for;

listo para mañana ready for tomorrow;

para siempre forever;

diez para las ocho L.Am. ten of eight, ten to eight;

para Pascua iremos de vacaciones a Lima we’re going to Lima for Easter;

espero que para Pascua haya terminado la crisis I hope the crisis is over by Easter;

¿para cuándo? when for?

4 finalidad

:

lo hace para ayudarte he does it (in order) to help you;

para que so that;

¿para qué te marchas? what are you leaving for?;

para eso no hace falta it’s not necessary just for that

5 en comparaciones

:

para su edad es muy maduro he’s very mature for his age

6

:

lo heredó todo para morir a los 30 he inherited it all, only to die at 30

* * *

para prep

1) : for

para ti: for you

alta para su edad: tall for her age

una cita para el lunes: an appointment for Monday

2) : to, towards

para la derecha: to the right

van para el río: they're heading towards the river

3) : to, in order to

lo hace para molestarte: he does it to annoy you

4) : around, by (a time)

para mañana estarán listos: they'll be ready by tomorrow

5)

para adelante : forwards

6)

para atrás : backwards

7)

para que : so, so that, in order that

te lo digo para que sepas: I'm telling you so you'll know

* * *

para prep

1. (en general) for

una carta para el director a letter for the manager

está muy alto para su edad he's very tall for his age

jarabe para la tos cough medicine

2. (seguido de infinitivo) to

he venido para hablar contigo I have come to talk to you

para no despertar al niño so as not to wake the baby up

3. (seguido de subjuntivo) so that

cierra la puerta para que no entre el perro shut the door so that the dog doesn't get in

4. (dirección) for / to

salgo para Madrid dentro de una hora I'm leaving for Madrid in an hour

me voy para casa I'm going home

5. (tiempo) by

lo quiero para el viernes I want it by Friday

para mí for me / in my opinion

Spanish-English dictionary > para
6 Geschäft

Geschäft n 1. GEN business, trading, dealing, commerce (Handel, Kommerz); deal, transaction; bargain (Abschluss); business, concern, enterprise, operation (Firma, Unternehmen); (BE) shop, (AE) store (Laden); (infrml) office (Büro); 2. V&M sale • aus einem Geschäft aussteigen BÖRSE, GEN back out, opt out (of a deal) • das Geschäft hat einen Tiefststand erreicht GEN business is at a low ebb • das Geschäft ist ruhig GEN business is slack • das Geschäft perfekt machen GEN swing the deal • das Geschäft schließen GEN shut up shop • ein Geschäft abschließen GEN strike a deal, strike a bargain, do a deal with sb, do business with sb • ein Geschäft aufmachen GEN start in business, open a business, set up shop, launch a business, set up in business • ein Geschäft betreiben GEN run a business • ein Geschäft durchführen GEN conclude a transaction, settle a transaction • ein Geschäft unter Dach und Fach bringen GEN swing the deal • ein Geschäft zum Abschluss führen GEN task closure • mit dem Geschäft geht es aufwärts GEN business is improving • sich vom Geschäft zurückziehen GEN retire from business • über das Geschäft reden GEN talk business, talk shop • von Geschäft zu Geschäft GEN business to business
* * *

n 1. < Geschäft> Handel, Kommerz business, trading, dealing, commerce Abschluss deal, transaction, bargain, Firma business, concern, enterprise, operation, Laden shop (BE), store (AE), infrml, Büro office; 2. <V&M> sale ■ aus einem Geschäft aussteigen < Börse> back out, opt out (of a deal) ■ das Geschäft hat einen Tiefststand erreicht < Geschäft> business is at a low ebb ■ das Geschäft ist ruhig < Geschäft> business is slack ■ das Geschäft perfekt machen < Geschäft> swing the deal ■ das Geschäft schließen < Geschäft> shut up shop ■ ein Geschäft abschließen < Geschäft> strike a deal, strike a bargain, do a deal with sb, do business with sb ■ ein Geschäft aufmachen < Geschäft> start in business, open a business, set up shop, launch a business, set up in business ■ ein Geschäft betreiben < Geschäft> run a business ■ ein Geschäft durchführen < Geschäft> conclude a transaction, settle a transaction ■ ein Geschäft unter Dach und Fach bringen < Geschäft> swing the deal ■ ein Geschäft zum Abschluss führen < Geschäft> task closure ■ sich vom Geschäft zurückziehen < Geschäft> retire from business ■ über das Geschäft reden < Geschäft> talk business, talk shop ■ von Geschäft zu Geschäft < Geschäft> business to business

* * *
Geschäft
(Arbeit) work, (Beruf) vocation, occupation, business, (Börse) trading, (Branche) trade, business, line, (Büro) office, (Firma) enterprise, commercial house, firm, concern, establishment, undertaking, company, (Geschäftsabschluss) bargain, deal[ing], transaction, operation, (Geschäftslokal) [business] premises, shop, (Gewerbe) occupation, trade, job, business, calling, employment, (Handel) commerce, trade, market (US), (Laden) shop (Br.), store (US), (Sache) affair, matter, (Spekulationen) venture, (Vorschlag) proposition (coll.);
• in Geschäften on (engaged in) business;
• in ein anrüchiges Geschäft verwickelt entangled in a shady business;
• voller Geschäfte shoppy;
• Geschäfte dealings, transactions, interests, operations;
• abgeschlossenes Geschäft business transacted, deal, completed (executed) transaction;
• hohe Gewinne abwerfendes Geschäft [business] bonanza;
• sich glatt abwickelndes Geschäft swimming market;
• altrenommiertes Geschäft well-established firm;
• angesehenes Geschäft respectable firm;
• anrüchiges Geschäft hole-and-corner (shady) business;
• anziehendes Geschäft improvement in business;
• von Anfang an schlecht aufgezogenes Geschäft business muddled at the start;
• ausgedehntes Geschäft extensive trade;
• bankfremdes Geschäft non-banking business (activity);
• in Betrieb befindliches Geschäft going concern;
• in Liquidation befindliches Geschäft firm in liquidation;
• betreffendes Geschäft business in question;
• im Großen betriebenes Geschäft business transacted at large;
• auf gemeinschaftliche Rechnung betriebenes Geschäft joint-purse arrangement;
• betriebseigenes Geschäft captive shop (US), company store (US);
• blühendes Geschäft flourishing trade, thriving business;
• dickes Geschäft big deal;
• dringende Geschäfte pressing business, pressure of business;
• dunkles Geschäft shady deal (business), funny business, dubious dealing, racket (sl.);
• nicht durchgebuchte Geschäfte off-the-book transactions;
• effektives Geschäft actual business;
• einbringliches Geschäft lucrative business;
• gut eingeführtes Geschäft well-established business;
• einschlägiges Geschäft stockist (Br.), one-line shop (store), speciality shop, limited-line retailer (US);
• einträgliches Geschäft remunerative (lucrative, profitable, paying) business, paying concern;
• nicht ganz einwandfreies Geschäft shady transaction;
• erstklassiges Geschäft first-rate (-class) firm;
• euro-freundliche Geschäfte euro-friendly business[es];
• faires Geschäft square deal;
• unter Konkursanfechtung fallende Geschäfte protected transactions;
• faules Geschäft shady (hole-and-corner) business, queer transaction;
• weitgehend mit Fremdmitteln finanziertes Geschäft transaction financed largely with borrowing;
• fingiertes Geschäft bogus (sham, fictitious) transaction;
• florierendes Geschäft rattling trade, thriving business;
• flottes (flott gehendes) Geschäft rattling trade, land-office business (US coll.);
• fragwürdiges Geschäft shady business,equivocal transaction;
• führendes Geschäft leading firm;
• gut fundiertes Geschäft sound business [firm];
• glänzend gehendes (glänzendes) Geschäft booming (roaring) business, gold mine, [business] bonanza;
• dem Betrieb gehöriges Geschäft captive shop (US), company store (US);
• in der Hauptgeschäftsgegend (im Stadtzentrum) gelegenes Geschäft central area shop, downtown (inner-city) store (US);
• gewagtes Geschäft risky undertaking, speculation, speculative enterprise;
• Gewinn bringendes Geschäft profitable enterprise (business),paying business;
• glattes Geschäft (Börse) swimming market;
• grenzüberschreitende Geschäfte cross-border transactions;
• große Geschäfte (Börse) large trade;
• gutes Geschäft pennyworth, [good] bargain, good [stroke of] business, big (good) deal;
• leidlich gute Geschäfte fair business;
• gut gehendes Geschäft flourishing business (trade), going concern (firm), business bonanza (US);
• illegale Geschäfte illegal transactions;
• stark konjunkturbedingtes Geschäft highly cyclical business;
• konjunkturempfindliches Geschäft highly cyclical business;
• konzerneigene Geschäfte interassociation transactions (US);
• laufende Geschäfte regular (day-to-day, current, daily, pending) business, current transactions;
• lebhaftes Geschäft (Börse) brisk trading (business);
• zugrunde liegendes Geschäft underlying transaction;
• lohnendes Geschäft paying (remunerative, lucrative) business;
• lukratives Geschäft lucrative transaction (business);
• mattes Geschäft dull business;
• mittelgroßes Geschäft medium-sized store (US);
• nachbörsliches Geschäft interoffice deal, afterhours dealing (Br.), business in the street (Br.);
• nutzbringendes Geschäft profitable business;
• preisgünstiges Geschäft economy-priced shop, cheap-Jack (-John) (coll.);
• reelles Geschäft fair dealing firm;
• renommiertes Geschäft well-reputed firm;
• rentables Geschäft paying concern (business, enterprise), profitable business (enterprise), lucrative business (transaction), (Einzelgeschäft) paying transaction;
• riskantes Geschäft touch-and-go business;
• ruhiges Geschäft slack business;
• schlechtes Geschäft bad (losing) bargain, poor business, no catch;
• schmutziges Geschäft dirty business;
• schrumpfendes Geschäft contracting business;
• schwaches Geschäft little doing;
• seriöses Geschäft sound business house;
• sicheres Geschäft safe business;
• sittenwidriges Geschäft transaction contrary to the policy of the law;
• solides Geschäft solid enterprise (firm), substantial house, (Einzelgeschäft) sound business;
• stagnierendes Geschäft stagnating business;
• steuerbegünstigtes Geschäft tax-shelter deal;
• steuerpflichtiges Geschäft taxable transaction;
• stilles Geschäft slack business;
• sich selbst tragendes Geschäft self-promoter;
• überseeisches Geschäft overseas business;
• unbedeutendes Geschäft picayune business;
• undurchsichtige Geschäfte hole-and-corner dealings;
• unreelles Geschäft dishonest business;
• unrentables Geschäft business that does not pay, not a paying business, white elephant;
• unsaubere Geschäfte underhand dealings;
• unsittliches Geschäft unconscionable bargain (transaction);
• unvollständiges Geschäft uncompleted transaction;
• unvorteilhaftes Geschäft losing bargain;
• väterliches Geschäft father’s business;
• verbandseigene Geschäfte interassociation transactions (US);
• verbotene Geschäfte illegal sales;
• verdächtiges Geschäft queer transaction;
• Verlust bringendes Geschäft losing business;
• vorteilhaftes Geschäft bargain, deal, paying (profitable) business, catch, good deal (US);
• wenig Geschäfte (Börse) little trade (doing);
• wichtiges Geschäft serious business;
• zunehmendes Geschäft improvement in trade;
• an Bedeutung zunehmendes Geschäft wax job;
• zweideutige Geschäfte funny business;
• zweifelhaftes Geschäft shady transaction (business);
• zwielichtiges Geschäft shady deal;
• Geschäfte mit dem Ausland foreign trade;
• Geschäft mit erstklassiger Bedienung high-class service store (US);
• Geschäft in dem nur mit Devisen eingekauft werden kann hard-currency shop;
• Geschäft in kleinen Effektenabschnitten odd business (US);
• Geschäfte mit illegalen Einwanderern illegal-alien trafficking;
• Geschäft auf Geben und Nehmen put and call;
• Geschäft im Großen business transacted at large;
• Geschäft mit Industriekundschaft industrial outlet;
• Geschäfte auf Kommissionsbasis commission dealings, transactions for third account;
• Geschäft mit erstklassigem Kundenkreis business with first-rate connections;
• Geschäft unter dem Ladentisch under-the-counter trading;
• Geschäft in guter Lage well situated business;
• Geschäft auf feste Lieferung time bargain;
• Geschäft mit kleiner Marge tight bargain;
• Geschäft um jeden Preis hard-nosed business;
• Geschäft mit Produkten des täglichen Bedarfs neighbo(u)rhood shop;
• Geschäft für eigene Rechnung transaction for own account;
• Geschäfte für fremde Rechnung transaction on third account;
• Geschäfte auf laufende Rechnung dealings for the account;
• Geschäft im Stadtzentrum central area shop, downtown store (US);
• Geschäfte im großen Stil business transacted at large;
• Geschäfte nach etw. abklappern to go from shop to shop looking for s. th.;
• Geschäft um jeden Preis abnehmen to steal business at any price;
• Geschäft absagen to call off a deal;
• Geschäft abschließen to drive (strike, close, conclude, enter into) a bargain, to conclude (settle, transact) a business, to enter into a transaction;
• Geschäft mit Gewinn abschließen to make a profit out of a transaction;
• Geschäft abtreten to give up one’s business
• Geschäft abwickeln to settle a business, (liquidieren) to wind up [one’s affairs], to straighten one’s affairs, to regulate disordered finances;
• umfangreiche Geschäfte abwickeln to trade in a large way;
• Geschäft schwarz abwickeln to conduct business off the books;
• seine Geschäfte in ausländischen Währungen abwickeln to carry out one’s trade in offshore currencies;
• Geschäft ankurbeln to drum up business;
• in einem Geschäft anlegen to invest in a business;
• wieder im Geschäft anlegen to plough (plow, US) back into the business;
• j. für das Geschäft anlernen to train s. o. to business;
• Geschäft annullieren to vitiate a transaction;
• Geschäft anregen to enliven a business;
• Geschäft aufgeben to go out of (give up one’s, discontinue a, cut) business, to get out, to give up (leave off) trade, to shut up shop (US), to wind (fold) up, (sich zur Ruhe setzen) to retire from business;
• sein Geschäft auflösen to liquidate a business, to give up one’s business, to wind (shut) up (US);
• Geschäft aufmachen to set up shop (a business);
• Geschäft großzügig aufziehen to open a business on a large scale;
• sein Geschäft ausdehnen to expand one’s business;
• sich überhaupt nicht mehr im Geschäft auskennen to be out of the whole business;
• aus dem Geschäft ausscheiden to retire from business;
• aus einem Geschäft aussteigen to go out of business, to fold up (US);
• Geschäft beeinträchtigen to affect business;
• Geschäft begründen to settle down [in business], to establish o. s.;
• sein Geschäft besorgen to ply one’s trade;
• jds. Geschäfte besorgen to look after s. one’s affairs;
• bankmäßige Geschäfte besorgen to supply banking facilities;
• j. an einem Geschäft beteiligen to give s. o. a financial interest in a business;
• sich an einem Geschäft beteiligen to have a share in a venture;
• Geschäft betreiben to conduct (operate) a business, to run a shop, to carry on (ply) a trade;
• Geschäfte betreiben to do business;
• eigenes Geschäft betreiben to operate one’s own business, to be one’s own master;
• seine Geschäfte freizügig betreiben to deal at arm’s length;
• Geschäfte mit geliehenem Kapital betreiben to trade on the equity (US);
• Geschäfte in großem Maßstab betreiben to carry on business on a large scale;
• Geschäft zu Kreditauskunftszwecken beurteilen to rate a business;
• im Geschäft tätig bleiben to remain active (stay) in business;
• Geschäft zu einem erfolgreichen Abschluss bringen to put through a business deal, to bring a business to a successful conclusion;
• vorteilhaftes Geschäft zum Abschluss bringen to drive a good bargain;
• Geschäft auf die Beine bringen to set a business on foot;
• Geschäft wieder in die Höhe bringen to put a business back on its feet again;
• Geschäft zustande bringen to secure a business;
• immer (ganze Zeit stets) nur ans Geschäft denken to always have an eye to business, to be businessman all the time;
• j. aus dem Geschäft drängen to squeeze (force) s. o. out of business;
• Geschäfte weiterführen dürfen to remain in possession of the business;
• ins Geschäft einbringen to bring into business;
• sich [erneut] auf ein Geschäft einlassen to embark [again] upon a business;
• sich auf gewagte Geschäfte einlassen to dabble in speculative concerns;
• Geschäft einleiten to initiate a deal;
• Geschäft einrichten to fit out a shop;
• seinem Sohn ein Geschäft einrichten to set up a son in trade;
• in ein Geschäft einsteigen to start a business;
• in ein gut gehendes Geschäft einsteigen to get on the bandwaggon;
• j. in sein Geschäft einstellen to give s. o. a job;
• Geschäft erledigen to dispatch a business;
• Geschäfte aller Art erledigen to handle any sort of business;
• laufende Geschäfte erledigen to deal with current business;
• Geschäft eröffnen to open a trade (business), to set up shop, to start a business;
• Geschäft wieder eröffnen to resume business;
• Geschäft errichten to set up (start) in business, to establish o. s. (in business);
• sein Geschäft erweitern to expand one’s business;
• Geschäft mit der gesamten Ausstattung erwerben to buy a shop with all fixtures;
• j. im Geschäft etablieren to set s. o. up in business;
• Geschäft finanzieren to finance a business;
• Geschäft fortführen to continue a business;
• Geschäft des Gemeinschuldners (Konkursschuldners) fortführen to carry on the bankrupt’s business;
• Geschäft im eigenen Interesse fortführen to continue a business for one’s own ends;
• Geschäft bis zur Liquidierung fortführen to continue the business for the purpose of winding up;
• Geschäft eines Verstorbenen fortführen to continue a deceased’s business;
• Geschäft führen to carry on (conduct) a business, to carry on a trade, to manage the concern, to run (manage) a shop;
• Geschäft unter seinem Namen führen to carry on the business under one’s name;
• ins (in sein) Geschäft gehen to go to the office;
• Geschäft rentabel gestalten to put business on a payable basis;
• Geschäft gründen to set up shop [for o. s.], to establish (start) a business;
• neues Geschäft gründen to launch a new business enterprise;
• Geschäfte mit jem. haben to have business with s. o.;
• bedeutendes Geschäft haben to be in a large way of business;
• sein eigenes Geschäft haben to be in business on one’s own account;
• gut gehendes Geschäft haben to drive a good trade;
• kleines Geschäft haben to be in a small way of business;
• Nase für [gute] Geschäfte haben to have a keen eye for a bargain;
• Geschäft offen halten to keep a shop open;
• aus dem Geschäft herausdrängen to squeeze out of business;
• Geschäft hochbringen to work up a business;
• j. für ein Geschäft interessieren to enlist s. o. in an enterprise;
• sich nur für sein Geschäft interessieren to be intent on one’s business, to be businessman all the time, to be all business;
• Geschäft in Bausch und Bogen kaufen to buy the whole stock [of a business];
• Geschäft von der Pike auf kennen to know the business inside out;
• sich nur um sein Geschäft kümmern to be intent on one’s (attend strictly to) business;
• sich nicht um sein Geschäft kümmern to neglect one’s business;
• sich bei einem Geschäft registrieren lassen (für Marken) to register with a tradesman;
• Geschäft leiten to be at the head of the business;
• Geschäft liquidieren to wind up one’s affairs (a business company);
• Geschäfte machen to transact (do) business, to merchandise, to deal, to monger;
• gewagte Geschäfte machen to speculate;
• glänzende Geschäfte machen to drive a roaring trade;
• große Geschäfte machen to do a large business;
• gutes Geschäft machen to strike a bargain (it rich, US), to get in on a good deal, to find s. th. a good pennyworth, to get (secure) a purchase;
• gute Geschäfte machen to have a good run (be in a good way) of business, to have a good season;
• reißende Geschäfte machen to do a roaring trade;
• Geschäft rückgängig machen to set aside a transaction, to break off an engagement;
• schlechtes Geschäft machen to bring one’s eggs (hogs) to the wrong market, to do badly, to be in a bad way of business;
• unerlaubte Geschäfte machen to indulge in illicit transactions;
• seinen Geschäften nachgehen to attend to (go about) one’s business;
• ungesetzlichen Geschäften nachgehen to carry on an illegal transaction;
• bei einem Geschäft profitieren to profit by a bargain;
• mit einem guten Geschäft rechnen to calculate on a good trade;
• von Geschäften reden to talk shop (about business);
• sein Geschäft schließen to close down a shop, to put up the shutters, to shut up shop (US);
• an einem Geschäft beteiligt sein to have an interest (a share) in a business;
• nach dem Krieg groß ins Geschäft gekommen sein to boom after the war;
• in Geschäften großzügig sein to be liberal in business;
• hinter seinen Geschäften her sein to be a keen businessman;
• einen Tag nicht im Geschäft sein to get away from the office for a day;
• in Geschäften unterwegs sein to be on one’s tour (away, out), to travel on business;
• in Geschäften zuverlässig sein to be exact in business, to pass for as good as one’s word;
• im Geschäft stecken to be invested in a business;
• Geld in ein Geschäft stecken to invest money in a business, to put money into an undertaking, to embark capital in a trade;
• gutes Geschäft tätigen to make a good deal by, to get a purchase;
• im laufenden Monat keine Geschäfte mehr tätigen to write no new business for the next month;
• Geschäft übernehmen to take over (succeed to) a business;
• Geschäft voll übernehmen to purchase the sole interest in a business;
• Geschäft auf seinen Sohn übertragen to make over the business to one’s son;
• j. bei einem Geschäft übervorteilen to jockey s. o. in a transaction;
• kleines Geschäft unterhalten to carry on business in a small way;
• Geschäfte einer Gesellschaft der Revision unterziehen to investigate the affairs of a company;
• bei seinen Geschäften verdienen to gain by one’s business;
• an einem Geschäft groß verdienen to be a great gainer by a bargain;
• grenzüberschreitende Geschäfte vereinfachen to simplify cross-border business[es];
• sein Geschäft vergrößern to expand one’s business;
• sein Geschäft verkaufen to sell out one’s business;
• Geschäft um die Hälfte verkleinern to reduce a business one half;
• Geschäft vermitteln to broker a deal;
• seine Geschäfte vernachlässigen to neglect (shirk) one’s business;
• sein Geschäft verstehen to know one’s business (trade, how to turn a penny);
• sein Geschäft aus dem Effeff verstehen to have the whole business at one’s fingertips;
• Geschäfte über das Internet vornehmen to execute securities transactions on (through) the Internet;
• Geschäfte wegschnappen to grab business;
• laufende Geschäfte weiterführen to deal with current business;
• Geschäft nicht weiterführen to cease to carry on business;
• sich seinen Geschäften widmen to attend to (go about) one’s business;
• gute Geschäfte machen wollen to carry pigs to market;
• Geschäft rückgängig machen wollen to rue a bargain;
• von einem Geschäft zurücktreten to rescind a bargain;
• sich vom (aus dem) Geschäft zurückziehen to give up one’s (withdraw from, quit) business;
• sich von einem Geschäft zurückziehen to declare a bargain off, to back out (fam.);
• sein Geld aus einem Geschäft zurückziehen to withdraw one’s money from a business;
• sich wieder seinen Geschäften zuwenden to turn one’s thoughts to business again;
• die Geschäfte gehen schlecht there is very little doing.

Business german-english dictionary > Geschäft
7 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
8 que

conj.

1 that.

es importante que me escuches it's important that you listen to me

que haya pérdidas no es un problema insuperable the fact that we've suffered losses isn't an insurmountable problem

2 that.

me ha confesado que me quiere he has told me that he loves me

3 than.

es más rápido que tú he's quicker than you

antes morir que vivir la guerra I'd rather die than live through a war

4 that (expresa consecuencia).

tanto me lo pidió que se lo di he asked me for it so insistently that I gave it to him

5 so (that).

ven aquí que te vea come over here so (that) I can see you

6 that (expresa deseo).

quiero que lo hagas I want you to do it

espero que te diviertas I hope (that) you have fun

7 if.

que no quieres hacerlo, pues no pasa nada it doesn't matter if you don't want to do it

8 or.

quieras que no, harás lo que yo mando you'll do what I tell you, whether you like it or not

pron.

1 who, that (person).

la mujer que me saluda the woman (who o that is) waving to me

el que me lo compró the one who bought it from me

la moto que me gusta the motorbike (that) I like

el hombre, que decía llamarse Simón, era bastante sospechoso the man, who said he was called Simón, seemed rather suspicious

el que más y el que menos every last one of us, all of us without exception

2 who, whom (person).

el hombre que conociste ayer the man (who o whom) you met yesterday

la persona/el lugar que estás buscando the person/the place you're looking for

ese libro es el que me quiero comprar that book is the one (that o which) I want to buy

* * *

que

► conjunción

1 that

■ dice que no vendrá he says (that) he won't come

■ quiero que lo hagas I want you to do it

2 (en comparaciones) than

■ es más alto que su padre he is taller than his father

3 (deseo, mandato)

■ ¡que esperes un momento! wait a moment!

■ ¡que te diviertas! enjoy yourself!

4 (duda, extrañeza)

■ ¿que no te hicieron pagar nada? (you say) they didn't make you pay anything?

5 (causal, consecutiva)

■ ¡arriba, que ya son las ocho! get up, it's eight o'clock!

6 (tanto si... como si...) whether... or not...

■ que llueva que no llueva, iremos de excursión whether it rains or not, we're going on a trip

7 (reiterativo) and

■ charla que charla se nos pasó la hora we were so busy talking that the hour just flew by

8 (final) so that

■ ven aquí que te vea bien come here so that I can see you properly

9 familiar (condicional) if

■ que te gusta, te lo quedas; que no te gusta, lo cambias if you like it, keep it; if you don't, you can change it

10 que no (adversativa) not

■ justicia pido, que no gracia I want justice, not mercy

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

¿a que no? / ¿a que sí? right?, isn't that right?

¿a que no...? I bet you can't...!

■ a que no sabes la respuesta I bet you don't know the answer

¡con lo que...! you know how much...

■ ¡con lo que le gusta el queso y se lo han prohibido! you know how much he likes cheese, and now he's not allowed to have any!

que si esto que si lo otro what with one thing and the other

■ que si esto, que si lo otro, total que no lo ha traído what with one thing and another, in the end he didn't bring it

que para qué (para énfasis)

■ hace un frío que para qué it's really cold, it's so cold, it's freezing cold

■ se da unos aires que para qué he puts on these ridiculous airs

que yo sepa as far as I know

yo que tú... if I were you...

————————

que

► pronombre

1 (sujeto, persona) who, that; (cosa) that, which

■ la chica que vino ayer está enferma the girl who came yesterday is ill

■ el árbol que se quemó está en el jardín the tree that got burnt is in the garden

■ este árbol, que parecía muerto en invierno, está rebrotando this tree, which looked dead in winter, is sprouting

2 (complemento, persona) whom, who; (cosa) that, which

■ el coche que me prestaste está ahí the car (that) you lent me is there

■ el niño que viste ayer es mi hijo the boy you saw yesterday is my son

3 preposition + que (complemento circunstancial) which; (lugar) where; (tiempo) when

■ la pistola con que le hirieron era nuestra the gun with which he was wounded was ours, the gun he was wounded with was ours

■ la casa en que vivía estaba lejos the house where he lived was far away

4 def art + que the one which, the one that

■ ese libro es el que me gusta that's the book I like

■ ésa es la que quiero that's the one I want

* * *
1. pron.
1) that

2) who

3) which

4) whom
2. conj.
1) that, than

2) let

* * *
I
PRON REL

1) [refiriéndose a personas]

a) [como sujeto] who, that

el hombre que vino ayer — the man who o that came yesterday

hable con alguien que entienda de esto — talk to someone who knows about this

b) [como complemento: a menudo se omite] that

el hombre que vi en la calle — the man (that) I saw in the street

la chica que conoció durante las vacaciones — the girl (that) he met on holiday

2) [refiriéndose a cosas]

a) [como sujeto] that, which

la película que ganó el premio — the film that o which won the award

b) [como complemento: a menudo se omite] that, which

el coche que compré — the car (that o which) I bought

el libro del que te hablé — the book (that o which) I spoke to you about

el día que ella nació — the day (when o that) she was born

la cama en que pasé la noche — the bed in which I spent the night, the bed I spent the night in

3)

el/la/los/las que — ver el 8)

4)

lo que — ver lo I, 3)
II
CONJ

1) [en subordinada sustantiva: a menudo se omite]

a) + indic that

creo que va a venir — I think (that) he will come

dijo que vendría — he said (that) he'd come

dile a Rosa que me llame — tell Rosa to call me

estoy seguro de que lloverá — I am sure (that) it will rain

aceptan la idea de que el diálogo es útil — they accept the idea that a dialogue is useful

eso de que no lo sabía es un cuento — all that about him not knowing is pure fiction

b) + subjun that

no sabía que tuviera coche — I didn't know (that) he had a car

me alegro de que hayan ganado — I am glad (that) they have won

es una pena que no tengamos más tiempo — it's a pity (that) we haven't got more time

no digo que sea un traidor — I'm not saying (that) he's a traitor

espero que os sea útil — I hope you'll find it useful

no creo que te sea difícil encontrarlo — I don't think you'll have any difficulty finding it

quieren que les esperes — they want you to wait for them

c)

decir que sí — to say yes
claro 2., 4)
2) [en comparaciones]

• eres igual que mi padre — you're just like my father

• más que — more than

ganas más que yo — you earn more than me

es más alto que tú — he's taller than you

más que nada — more than anything

• menos que — less than

• prefiero estar aquí que en mi casa — I'd rather be here than at home

prefiero las películas serias que las comedias — I prefer serious films to comedies

• yo que tú — if I were you

yo que tú, iría — I'd go, if I were you

3) [expresando resultado]

a) [a menudo se omite] that

• tan... que, es tan grande que no lo puedo levantar — it's so big (that) I can't lift it

soplaba tan fuerte que no podíamos salir — it was blowing so hard (that) we couldn't go out

• tanto... que, las manos le temblaban tanto que apenas podía escribir — her hands were shaking so much (that) she could hardly write

b)

tengo una sed que me muero — I'm dying of thirst

huele que es un asco — it smells disgusting
bendición 2), primor 2)
4) [expresando causa]

llévate un paraguas, que está lloviendo — take an umbrella, it's raining

no lo derroches, que es muy caro — don't waste it, it's very expensive

¡vamos, que cierro! — come on now, I'm closing!

¡cuidado, que te caes! — careful or you'll fall!, mind you don't fall!

¡suélteme, que voy a gritar! — let go or I'll scream!

5) [expresando reiteración o insistencia]

siguió toca que toca — he kept on playing

estuvieron habla que habla toda la noche — they talked and talked all night

• ¡que sí!, -es verde -¡que no! -¡que sí! — "it's green" - "no it isn't!" - "yes it is!"

-no funciona -que sí, es que lo haces mal — "it doesn't work" - "yes it does, you're just doing it wrong"

6) [sin antecedente expreso]

a) [expresando mandato]

¡que lo haga él! — let him do it!, he can do it himself!

¡que entre! — send him in!, let him come in!

b) [expresando deseo]

¡que venga pronto! — let's hope he comes soon!

¡que te mejores! — get well soon!

¡que os guste la película! — enjoy the film!

c) [expresando sorpresa]

¿que no estabas allí? — (are you telling me) you weren't there?

7)

• el que — + subjun (=el hecho de que) the fact that

el que viva en Vitoria no es ningún problema — the fact that he lives in Vitoria isn't a problem

el que quiera estar con su madre es natural — it is natural (that) he should want to be with his mother

* * *
I
conjunción

1) (introduciendo complemento, sujeto)

a)

que + INDIC — that

demostró que estuvo allí — he proved (that) he was there

creemos que ésta es la solución — we believe that this is the solution

estoy seguro de que vendrá — I'm sure (that) she'll come

¿cuántos años crees que tiene? — how old do you think she is?

me preguntó que quién era yo — he asked me who I was

está claro que no te gusta — it's obvious that you don't like it

eso de que estaba enfermo es mentira — (fam) this business about him being ill is a lie

b)

que + SUBJ: quiero que vengas I want you to come; lamento que no puedas quedarte I'm sorry (that) you can't stay; dice que no vayas she says you're not to go; ve a que te ayude tu padre go and get your father to help you; (el) que sea el jefe no significa... just because he's the boss doesn't mean...; es importante que quede claro it's important that it should be clear; sería una lástima que no vinieras — it would be a shame if you didn't come

c)

es que: es que hoy no voy a poder I'm afraid (that) I won't be able to today; es que no tengo dinero the trouble is I don't have any money; ¿es que eres sordo? — are you deaf or something?

2)

a) ( en expresiones de deseo)

que te mejores! — I hope you feel better soon

que se diviertan! — have a good time!

por mí que se muera — he can drop dead for all I care

b) ( en expresiones de mandato)

que te calles! — shut up! (colloq)

que no! — I said no!

que pase el siguiente! — next please!

c) ( en expresiones de sorpresa)

¿que se casa? — she's getting married?

¿cómo que no vas a ir? — what do you mean, you're not going?

d) ( en expresiones de indignación)

que tengamos que aguantar esto! — to think we have to put up with this!

que se lo haya ido a contar! — I can't believe he went and told her!

3) ( uso enfático)

a) ( reafirmando algo)

que no, que no voy! — no! I'm not going!

que sueltes, te digo! — I said, let go!

b) ( respondiendo a una pregunta)

¿que dónde estaba? pues aquí — where was I? right here

¿que cómo me llamo? — what's my name?

c) ( indicando persistencia)

se pasa dale que dale con lo mismo — he goes on and on about the same old thing

y aquí llueve que llueve — and over here it just rains and rains

4)

a) ( introduciendo una razón)

escóndete, que te van a ver — hide or they'll see you

ven, que te peino — come here and let me comb your hair

b) ( introduciendo una consecuencia) that

se parecen tanto que apenas los distingo — they're so alike (that) I can hardly tell them apart

canta que da gusto — she sings beautifully

5) ( en comparaciones)

su casa es más grande que la mía — his house is bigger than mine

tengo la misma edad que tú — I'm the same age as you

6) (fam) ( en oraciones condicionales) if

yo que tú — if I were you
II
pronombre

1) ( refiriéndose a personas)

a) (sujeto) who

los que viajan, que esperen aquí — those who are traveling, wait here

es la/el que manda aquí — she's/he's the one who gives the orders here

b) (complemento)

la mujer que amo — the woman (that) I love

las chicas que entrevistamos — the girls (that o who) we interviewed

es el único al que no le han pagado — he's the only one who hasn't been paid

el paciente del que te hablé — the patient (that o who) I spoke to you about

2) (refiriéndose a cosas, asuntos, etc)

a) (sujeto) that, which

la pieza que se rompió — the part that o which broke

eso es lo que me preocupa — that's what worries me

me contaron lo que pasó — they told me what happened

b) (complemento)

el disco que le regalé — the record (which o that) I gave her

la casa en que vivo — the house (that) I live in

la forma/el lugar en que ocurrió — the way/the place (in which) it happened

¿sabes lo difícil que fue? — do you know how hard it was?; ver tb lo I 2), 3)

* * *

= than, what, which, which, who, that.

Ex. A synthetic scheme needs less categories or headings than an equivalent enumerative scheme.

Ex. Before examining the two main means of constructing classification schedules it is as well to consider what the objective of the designer of a classification scheme should be.

Ex. There are a number of features of a catalogue or index which benefit from some standardisation.

Ex. There are a number of features of a catalogue or index which benefit from some standardisation.

Ex. This started in 1980, and has around forty members who receive some support to cover telephone charges.

Ex. The (F) operator specifies that terms must be in the same field of the same record, in any order.

----

* ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.

* ¿qué sentido tiene = what is/was the point of...?.

* dar de qué hablar = raise + eyebrows, fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.

* dar que hablar = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.

* de los que = whereof.

* de qué se trata = what it's all about.

* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* el que = the one.

* el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* en qué momento = at what point.

* en qué punto = at what point.

* hasta qué punto = the extent to which.

* la que = the one.

* lo que es más = what's more.

* más... que... = more... than....

* menos... que... = less... than....

* no saber qué hacer = be at a nonplus.

* o qué sé yo = or whatever.

* por qué = why.

* puesto que = for.

* que abarca = girdling.

* que actúa de apoyo = supporting.

* que actúa de soporte = supporting.

* que afecta a = surrounding.

* que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.

* que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.

* que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.

* que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.

* que ahorran dinero = dollar-saving.

* que amplia los horizontes = expansive.

* que apoya moralmente = supportive.

* que aquí presentamos = present.

* que arde lentamente = smouldering [smoldering, -USA].

* que atraviesa la ciudad = cross-town.

* que avanza lentamente = crawling.

* que avanza rápidamente = fast-moving, fast-developing.

* que ayuda a recordar = memory-jogging.

* que ayuda a refrescar la memoria = memory-jogging.

* que baja los humos = humbling.

* que bate todos los récords = record breaking.

* que bota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].

* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.

* que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.

* que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.

* que cambia rápidamente = rapid-fire.

* que combina diferentes enseñanzas = multi-track [multitrack].

* que combina diferentes tipos de recursos = multi-source [multi source].

* que concede becas = grant-making.

* que concede subsidios = grant-making.

* que concierne a = surrounding.

* que confiere cierto estatus social = status-conferring.

* que confunde = confounding.

* que conlleva = attendant, associated with.

* que conserva su encanto natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].

* que conserva su estado natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].

* que consta de tres puntos = three-point.

* que constituye un reto = challenging.

* que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.

* que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive, power-hungry.

* que consume tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].

* que contengan los caracteres = hit by.

* que contiene = therein.

* que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* que contribuye a la predisposición = predisposing.

* que coocurre = co-occurring.

* que corroe por dentro = gnawing.

* que crea adicción = addictive.

* que crea hábito = addictive.

* que crece despacio = slowly growing.

* que crece hacia dentro = ingrown.

* que cruza fronteras = boundary spanning.

* que cubre hasta la rodilla = knee deep.

* que cubre hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* que cubre todo el cuerpo = head to toe.

* que cuelga = hanging.

* que cumple los requisitos = qualifying.

* que da agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* que da miedo = scary [scarier -comp., scariest -sup.].

* que da que pensar = sobering.

* que da susto = scary [scarier -comp., scariest -sup.].

* que da vida = life-giving.

* que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.

* ¿qué demonios...? = what on (this) earth...?.

* ¿qué demonios...? = What the heck...?.

* que demuestra desequilibrio de carácter = off-balance.

* que depende del tiempo = time-dependent.

* que desee(n) = of + Posesivo + choice, of + Posesivo + choosing.

* que desempata = tie-breaking [tiebreaking].

* ¿qué diablos...? = Heck!, What the heck...?.

* que diferencia entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.

* que distingue entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.

* que distrae la atención = distracting.

* que dura todo el año = year-round.

* que el agua disuelve = water-fugitive.

* ¿qué elegir? = which way to go?.

* que encompasa = girdling.

* que entran en juego = at play.

* que era común anteriormente = once-common.

* qué es cada cosa = what is what.

* que escapan a + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.

* que escuece = itchy [itchier -comp., itchiest -sup.].

* que espera demasiado = over expectant.

* que está creciendo = growing.

* que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.

* que están apareciendo = emerging.

* que estrope el paisaje = eyesore.

* que exalta los ánimos = inflammatory.

* que excede + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* que expresa dos puntos de vista opuestos = bipolar [bi-polar].

* que falta = missing.

* que faltan = wanting.

* que florece en primavera = spring-flowering.

* ¡qué follón! = what a palaver!.

* que fomenta = conducive (to).

* que forma parte de la cultura = culturally-embedded.

* que fue = one-time.

* que fue común antes = once-common.

* que fuera = once.

* que fuerza los músculos = muscle-straining.

* que funciona = working.

* que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.

* que funciona con electricidad = electrically-powered, electrically-operated.

* que funciona con energía eólica = wind-powered.

* que funciona con monedas = coin-operated, coin-op.

* que funciona con pilas = battery-operated, battery-powered.

* que funciona con vapor = steam-powered.

* que funciona manualmente = manually operated.

* ¡que gane el mejor! = may the best man win!, may the best man win!.

* que genera polémica = confrontational.

* que gotea = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.

* que guarde relación con = in keeping with.

* que habla bien = elocuted.

* que habla en voz baja = quietly spoken.

* que hace entrar en calor = warming, warming.

* que hace época = epoch-making.

* que hace historia = history-making.

* que hace la boca agua = mouth-watering.

* qué hacer con (algo) = disposition, disposition.

* que hacer reflexionar = provocative of.

* ¿Qué ha dicho? = I beg your pardon?.

* que ha sobrevivido = surviving.

* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.

* que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.

* que hizo época = epochal.

* que huele a lugar cerrado = fusty.

* que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.

* que induce a confusión = confounding.

* que intervienen = at play.

* que intimida = forbidding.

* que invita a la reflexión = thought-provoking.

* ¡qué jaleo! = what a palaver!.

* ¡qué lástima! = what a pity!, what a pity!.

* que le afecta a todo = crosscutting [cross cutting].

* que le gusta arriesgarse = risk-taking.

* que le gusta la mecánica = mechanically minded.

* que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.

* que levanta el ánimo = uplifting.

* que levanta el espíritu = uplifting.

* ¡qué lío! = what a palaver!.

* que llega = incoming.

* que llega hasta la cintura = waist high, waist deep, waist length.

* que llega hasta los hombres = shoulder-length.

* que lleva tiempo en cartelera = long-running.

* que lo abarca todo = all-embracing.

* que lo hace uno mismo = do-it-yourself (DIY).

* que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.

* que marca época = landmark.

* que marca un hito = epoch-making.

* qué más = what else.

* qué me dices de... = what about....

* que mejora el estatus social = status-enhancing.

* que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.

* que merece la pena = worthwhile.

* que mezcla sensaciones = synesthetic, cross-sensory.

* que mira al sur = south facing.

* que nace de = born out of.

* ¿qué narices...? = What the heck...?.

* que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = labour-intensive [labour intensive], staff-intensive [staff intensive].

* que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].

* que necesita de un trabajo intelectual previo = knowledge-intensive.

* que necesita la información = information-dependent.

* que ni ama ni es amado = loveless.

* que no absorbe el agua o la humedad = non-hygroscopic.

* que no admite reserva = unreserved.

* que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.

* que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].

* que no ayuda a distinguir = nondistinctive.

* que no causa dolor = painless.

* que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.

* que no conduce a nada = circuitous.

* que no cuadra = unreconciled.

* que no da más de sí = overstretched.

* que no daña el medio ambiente = environmentally friendly, environmentally sound, eco-friendly.

* que no desaparece = lingering.

* que no es de fiar = untrustworthy.

* que no es de la India = non-Indic.

* que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.

* que no está en papel = non-paper [non paper].

* que no es texto = non-text.

* que no excluye otras posibilidades = non-exclusive.

* que no fuma = non-smoking.

* que no haya noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.

* que no llama la atención = inconspicuous.

* que no ofrece doctorado = non-doctoral granting.

* que no perdona = unforgiving.

* que no perjudica el medio ambiente = environmentally friendly, environmentally sound.

* que no perjudica el medio ambiente = eco-friendly.

* que no pertenece a una confesión religiosa concreta = nondenominational [non-denominational].

* que no pertenece a un sindicato = non-unionised.

* que no posee ninguna conexión = disjoint.

* que no queda bien = ill-fitting.

* que no recibe enseñanza formal = out-of-school.

* que no representa reto = unchallenging.

* que no sea(n) = other than.

* que no se hace añicos = shatterproof.

* que no se ha cuestionado = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].

* que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].

* que no se le puede dar un nombre = unnameable.

* que no se puede comparar = incomparable.

* que no se puede conseguir = unobtainable.

* que no se puede entregar = undeliverable.

* que no se puede hacer cumplir = unenforceable.

* que no se puede identificar con un término = unnameable.

* que no se puede sacar en préstamo = non-circulating [noncirculating].

* que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.

* que no se rompe en mil pedazos = shatterproof.

* que no se utiliza = unused.

* que nos rodea = ambient.

* que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].

* que no tienen que rendir cuentas a nadie = unaccountable.

* que no tiene precio = priceless.

* que no tiene que ver con el tema debatido = off-topic.

* que no viene a cuento = off-topic.

* que obstruye = obstructive.

* que ocupa la mejor posición = best-positioned.

* que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.

* que ocupa poco espacio = space-saving.

* que ocupa un puesto de mayor responsabilidad = senior.

* ¿qué ocurre si... ? = what if... ?.

* qué otra cosa = what else.

* que padece de cólicos = colicky newborn.

* que padece de peritonitis = peritonitic.

* ¡qué palabras son esas! = watch your language!.

* que parece dudoso = dubious-sounding.

* que parece sospechoso = dubious-sounding.

* que participan = at play.

* ¿Qué pasa? = What's up?, What's up?.

* que pasaba = passing.

* que pasa de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* que pasa desapercibido = inconspicuous, unobserved.

* que pasa inadvertido = inconspicuous.

* ¿qué pasará a continuación? = What's next?, What's next?, What next?, What next?.

* que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* que pela = piping hot, baking hot.

* que perdura = lingering.

* que permite desarrollar menús de consulta = menu-making.

* que pica = itchy [itchier -comp., itchiest -sup.].

* que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* que pincha = stubbly [stubblier -comp., stubbliest -sup.].

* qué poco común = how odd.

* que pone a Uno en su sitio = humbling.

* que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.

* que pone obstáculos = obstructive.

* que prefiere(n) = of + Posesivo + choosing, of + Posesivo + choice.

* que procede del exterior = inbound.

* que produce ansiedad = anxiety-producing.

* que progresa rápidamente = fast-moving.

* que + Pronombre + recordar = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* que puede demostrarse = demonstrably.

* que puede salir en préstamo = loanable.

* que puede ser apilado = stacking.

* que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.

* que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.

* que queda = left-over [left over], surviving.

* que queda mal = ill-fitting.

* que quede entre nosotros = between you and me, between ourselves.

* que quiere(n) = of + Posesivo + choosing, of + Posesivo + choice.

* ¡qué raro! = how strange!.

* que raya = jarring.

* que rebota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].

* que reduce el estrés = stress-reducing.

* que resulta irreconocible = out of all recognition.

* que retiene el calor = heat absorbing.

* que reúne las condiciones = qualified.

* que rodea = surrounding.

* ¡qué rollo macabeo! = what a palaver!.

* que rompe la armonía = eyesore.

* que sabe lo que = who knows what.

* que sale de = off.

* que se abrocha por atrás = back-buttoning.

* que se acerca = oncoming.

* que se acumula = accruable.

* que se alaba a uno mismo = self-congratulatory.

* que se alquila = rentable.

* que se aproxima = oncoming.

* que se atiene a una norma = compliant (with).

* que se autoperpetúa = self-perpetuating.

* que se avecina = oncoming.

* que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.

* que se coloca en lo alto del televisor = set-top.

* que se compra = priced.

* que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.

* que se congratula a sí mismo = self-congratulating.

* que se contradice a sí mismo = self-contradicting.

* que se cuentan por millones = numbered in millions.

* que se denomina a si mismo = self-proclaimed.

* que se derrama = overflowing.

* que se derrite en la boca = mellow [mellower -comp., mellowest -sup.].

* que se desarrollan = at play.

* que se descompone en migajas = crumby.

* que se desmenuza fácilmente = crumbly [crumblier -comp., crumbliest -sup.].

* que se desmigaja fácilmente = crumbly [crumblier -comp., crumbliest -sup.].

* que se encuentra en la naturaleza = naturally-occurring.

* que se enrolla = roll-up [rollup].

* que se entrecruzan = intertwined.

* que se está desarrollando = evolving.

* que se está descascarillando = flaking.

* que se está desintegrando = crumbling, disintegrating.

* que se está examinando = under review.

* que se está hundiendo = sinking.

* que se está investigando = under investigation.

* que se está pelando = flaking.

* que se explica por sí mismo = self-explanatory [self explanatory/selfexplanatory].

* que se expresa bien = articulate.

* que se gestiona a sí mismo = self-managed.

* que se guía por sí mismo = self-guiding.

* que se inicie la contienda = let battle commence.

* que se le puede dar un nombre = nameable.

* que se lleva gestando hace tiempo = long-simmering.

* (que se menciona) a continuación = below.

* que se necesita urgentemente = sorely needed.

* que se organiza a sí mismo = self-organising [self-organizing, -USA].

* que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.

* que se piensa = perceived.

* que se puede aplicar a rajatabla = hard and fast, ironclad [iron-clad].

* que se puede arreglar = fixable.

* que se puede buscar = searchable.

* que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].

* que se puede clasificar = classifiable.

* que se puede compartir = shareable.

* que se puede conocer = knowable.

* que se puede consultar = queriable.

* que se puede contestar = answerable.

* que se puede copiar = downloadable.

* que se puede distribuir = redistributable.

* que se puede enviar = deliverable.

* que se puede escuchar = playable.

* que se puede especificar = specifiable.

* que se puede evitar = avoidable.

* que se puede hacer cumplir = enforceable.

* que se puede identicar con un término = nameable.

* que se puede imprimir = printable.

* que se puede lavar con lejía = bleachable.

* que se puede obtener = obtainable.

* que se puede quitar = detachable, removable.

* que se puede reservar = bookable.

* que se puede responder = answerable.

* que se puede separar = detachable.

* que se recuerde = in living memory.

* que se repite = repetitious.

* que se repite una y otra vez = recurring.

* que se solapan = overlapping.

* que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back.

* que se vende = priced.

* que siempre va a la última moda = fashion-conscious.

* que sienta precedente = landmark.

* que sigue = ensuing.

* que sigue la última moda = fashion-conscious.

* que sigue una norma = compliant (with).

* que siguió = ensuing.

* ¿qué si no...? = what else but...?.

* que sobrepasa + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* que sobresale = protruding.

* que sólo se hace una vez = once-off.

* que suena = ringing.

* ¡Qué suerte! = What luck!, What luck!.

* que supone = associated with.

* que surge de = born out of.

* qué te parece que... = what about....

* que tiene el cenizo = jinxed.

* que tiene el gafe = jinxed.

* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.

* que tiene precio = priced.

* que tiene sentido = meaningful.

* que trabaja desde casa = home-based.

* que trabajan para él = in its employ.

* que transmite información = information-bearing.

* que trata de = surrounding.

* que tuvo lugar a continuación = ensuing.

* que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.

* que usa el estándar MIME = MIME-compliant.

* que utiliza el tiempo como variable = time-dependent.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* que vale la pena = worthwhile.

* que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.

* ¡qué verdad que es! = how true!.

* que viene = incoming, next + Expresión Temporal.

* que viene de largo = long-running.

* que viene el lobo = crying wolf.

* que vuela bajo = low-flying.

* ¡que + Pronombre + zurcir! = be damned!.

* quién sabe lo que = who knows what.

* quién sabe qué = who knows what.

* sin importar qué = no matter what/which.

* sin saber qué decir = nonplussed [nonplused].

* tal que = such that.

* un no sé qué = a je ne sais quoi.

* ¿Y ahora qué? = What's next?, What next?.

* ya que = for, in that.

* y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.

* ¡y qué más da! = so what!.

* * *
I
conjunción

1) (introduciendo complemento, sujeto)

a)

que + INDIC — that

demostró que estuvo allí — he proved (that) he was there

creemos que ésta es la solución — we believe that this is the solution

estoy seguro de que vendrá — I'm sure (that) she'll come

¿cuántos años crees que tiene? — how old do you think she is?

me preguntó que quién era yo — he asked me who I was

está claro que no te gusta — it's obvious that you don't like it

eso de que estaba enfermo es mentira — (fam) this business about him being ill is a lie

b)

que + SUBJ: quiero que vengas I want you to come; lamento que no puedas quedarte I'm sorry (that) you can't stay; dice que no vayas she says you're not to go; ve a que te ayude tu padre go and get your father to help you; (el) que sea el jefe no significa... just because he's the boss doesn't mean...; es importante que quede claro it's important that it should be clear; sería una lástima que no vinieras — it would be a shame if you didn't come

c)

es que: es que hoy no voy a poder I'm afraid (that) I won't be able to today; es que no tengo dinero the trouble is I don't have any money; ¿es que eres sordo? — are you deaf or something?

2)

a) ( en expresiones de deseo)

que te mejores! — I hope you feel better soon

que se diviertan! — have a good time!

por mí que se muera — he can drop dead for all I care

b) ( en expresiones de mandato)

que te calles! — shut up! (colloq)

que no! — I said no!

que pase el siguiente! — next please!

c) ( en expresiones de sorpresa)

¿que se casa? — she's getting married?

¿cómo que no vas a ir? — what do you mean, you're not going?

d) ( en expresiones de indignación)

que tengamos que aguantar esto! — to think we have to put up with this!

que se lo haya ido a contar! — I can't believe he went and told her!

3) ( uso enfático)

a) ( reafirmando algo)

que no, que no voy! — no! I'm not going!

que sueltes, te digo! — I said, let go!

b) ( respondiendo a una pregunta)

¿que dónde estaba? pues aquí — where was I? right here

¿que cómo me llamo? — what's my name?

c) ( indicando persistencia)

se pasa dale que dale con lo mismo — he goes on and on about the same old thing

y aquí llueve que llueve — and over here it just rains and rains

4)

a) ( introduciendo una razón)

escóndete, que te van a ver — hide or they'll see you

ven, que te peino — come here and let me comb your hair

b) ( introduciendo una consecuencia) that

se parecen tanto que apenas los distingo — they're so alike (that) I can hardly tell them apart

canta que da gusto — she sings beautifully

5) ( en comparaciones)

su casa es más grande que la mía — his house is bigger than mine

tengo la misma edad que tú — I'm the same age as you

6) (fam) ( en oraciones condicionales) if

yo que tú — if I were you
II
pronombre

1) ( refiriéndose a personas)

a) (sujeto) who

los que viajan, que esperen aquí — those who are traveling, wait here

es la/el que manda aquí — she's/he's the one who gives the orders here

b) (complemento)

la mujer que amo — the woman (that) I love

las chicas que entrevistamos — the girls (that o who) we interviewed

es el único al que no le han pagado — he's the only one who hasn't been paid

el paciente del que te hablé — the patient (that o who) I spoke to you about

2) (refiriéndose a cosas, asuntos, etc)

a) (sujeto) that, which

la pieza que se rompió — the part that o which broke

eso es lo que me preocupa — that's what worries me

me contaron lo que pasó — they told me what happened

b) (complemento)

el disco que le regalé — the record (which o that) I gave her

la casa en que vivo — the house (that) I live in

la forma/el lugar en que ocurrió — the way/the place (in which) it happened

¿sabes lo difícil que fue? — do you know how hard it was?; ver tb lo I 2), 3)

* * *

= than, what, which, which, who, that.

Ex: A synthetic scheme needs less categories or headings than an equivalent enumerative scheme.

Ex: Before examining the two main means of constructing classification schedules it is as well to consider what the objective of the designer of a classification scheme should be.

Ex: There are a number of features of a catalogue or index which benefit from some standardisation.

Ex: There are a number of features of a catalogue or index which benefit from some standardisation.

Ex: This started in 1980, and has around forty members who receive some support to cover telephone charges.

Ex: The (F) operator specifies that terms must be in the same field of the same record, in any order.

* ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.

* ¿qué sentido tiene = what is/was the point of...?.

* dar de qué hablar = raise + eyebrows, fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.

* dar que hablar = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.

* de los que = whereof.

* de qué se trata = what it's all about.

* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* el que = the one.

* el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* en qué momento = at what point.

* en qué punto = at what point.

* hasta qué punto = the extent to which.

* la que = the one.

* lo que es más = what's more.

* más... que... = more... than....

* menos... que... = less... than....

* no saber qué hacer = be at a nonplus.

* o qué sé yo = or whatever.

* por qué = why.

* puesto que = for.

* que abarca = girdling.

* que actúa de apoyo = supporting.

* que actúa de soporte = supporting.

* que afecta a = surrounding.

* que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.

* que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.

* que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.

* que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.

* que ahorran dinero = dollar-saving.

* que amplia los horizontes = expansive.

* que apoya moralmente = supportive.

* que aquí presentamos = present.

* que arde lentamente = smouldering [smoldering, -USA].

* que atraviesa la ciudad = cross-town.

* que avanza lentamente = crawling.

* que avanza rápidamente = fast-moving, fast-developing.

* que ayuda a recordar = memory-jogging.

* que ayuda a refrescar la memoria = memory-jogging.

* que baja los humos = humbling.

* que bate todos los récords = record breaking.

* que bota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].

* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.

* que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.

* que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.

* que cambia rápidamente = rapid-fire.

* que combina diferentes enseñanzas = multi-track [multitrack].

* que combina diferentes tipos de recursos = multi-source [multi source].

* que concede becas = grant-making.

* que concede subsidios = grant-making.

* que concierne a = surrounding.

* que confiere cierto estatus social = status-conferring.

* que confunde = confounding.

* que conlleva = attendant, associated with.

* que conserva su encanto natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].

* que conserva su estado natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].

* que consta de tres puntos = three-point.

* que constituye un reto = challenging.

* que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.

* que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive, power-hungry.

* que consume tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].

* que contengan los caracteres = hit by.

* que contiene = therein.

* que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* que contribuye a la predisposición = predisposing.

* que coocurre = co-occurring.

* que corroe por dentro = gnawing.

* que crea adicción = addictive.

* que crea hábito = addictive.

* que crece despacio = slowly growing.

* que crece hacia dentro = ingrown.

* que cruza fronteras = boundary spanning.

* que cubre hasta la rodilla = knee deep.

* que cubre hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* que cubre todo el cuerpo = head to toe.

* que cuelga = hanging.

* que cumple los requisitos = qualifying.

* que da agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* que da miedo = scary [scarier -comp., scariest -sup.].

* que da que pensar = sobering.

* que da susto = scary [scarier -comp., scariest -sup.].

* que da vida = life-giving.

* que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.

* ¿qué demonios...? = what on (this) earth...?.

* ¿qué demonios...? = What the heck...?.

* que demuestra desequilibrio de carácter = off-balance.

* que depende del tiempo = time-dependent.

* que desee(n) = of + Posesivo + choice, of + Posesivo + choosing.

* que desempata = tie-breaking [tiebreaking].

* ¿qué diablos...? = Heck!, What the heck...?.

* que diferencia entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.

* que distingue entre mayúscula y minúscula = case-sensitive.

* que distrae la atención = distracting.

* que dura todo el año = year-round.

* que el agua disuelve = water-fugitive.

* ¿qué elegir? = which way to go?.

* que encompasa = girdling.

* que entran en juego = at play.

* que era común anteriormente = once-common.

* qué es cada cosa = what is what.

* que escapan a + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.

* que escuece = itchy [itchier -comp., itchiest -sup.].

* que espera demasiado = over expectant.

* que está creciendo = growing.

* que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.

* que están apareciendo = emerging.

* que estrope el paisaje = eyesore.

* que exalta los ánimos = inflammatory.

* que excede + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* que expresa dos puntos de vista opuestos = bipolar [bi-polar].

* que falta = missing.

* que faltan = wanting.

* que florece en primavera = spring-flowering.

* ¡qué follón! = what a palaver!.

* que fomenta = conducive (to).

* que forma parte de la cultura = culturally-embedded.

* que fue = one-time.

* que fue común antes = once-common.

* que fuera = once.

* que fuerza los músculos = muscle-straining.

* que funciona = working.

* que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.

* que funciona con electricidad = electrically-powered, electrically-operated.

* que funciona con energía eólica = wind-powered.

* que funciona con monedas = coin-operated, coin-op.

* que funciona con pilas = battery-operated, battery-powered.

* que funciona con vapor = steam-powered.

* que funciona manualmente = manually operated.

* ¡que gane el mejor! = may the best man win!, may the best man win!.

* que genera polémica = confrontational.

* que gotea = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.

* que guarde relación con = in keeping with.

* que habla bien = elocuted.

* que habla en voz baja = quietly spoken.

* que hace entrar en calor = warming, warming.

* que hace época = epoch-making.

* que hace historia = history-making.

* que hace la boca agua = mouth-watering.

* qué hacer con (algo) = disposition, disposition.

* que hacer reflexionar = provocative of.

* ¿Qué ha dicho? = I beg your pardon?.

* que ha sobrevivido = surviving.

* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.

* que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.

* que hizo época = epochal.

* que huele a lugar cerrado = fusty.

* que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.

* que induce a confusión = confounding.

* que intervienen = at play.

* que intimida = forbidding.

* que invita a la reflexión = thought-provoking.

* ¡qué jaleo! = what a palaver!.

* ¡qué lástima! = what a pity!, what a pity!.

* que le afecta a todo = crosscutting [cross cutting].

* que le gusta arriesgarse = risk-taking.

* que le gusta la mecánica = mechanically minded.

* que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.

* que levanta el ánimo = uplifting.

* que levanta el espíritu = uplifting.

* ¡qué lío! = what a palaver!.

* que llega = incoming.

* que llega hasta la cintura = waist high, waist deep, waist length.

* que llega hasta los hombres = shoulder-length.

* que lleva tiempo en cartelera = long-running.

* que lo abarca todo = all-embracing.

* que lo hace uno mismo = do-it-yourself (DIY).

* que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.

* que marca época = landmark.

* que marca un hito = epoch-making.

* qué más = what else.

* qué me dices de... = what about....

* que mejora el estatus social = status-enhancing.

* que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.

* que merece la pena = worthwhile.

* que mezcla sensaciones = synesthetic, cross-sensory.

* que mira al sur = south facing.

* que nace de = born out of.

* ¿qué narices...? = What the heck...?.

* que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = labour-intensive [labour intensive], staff-intensive [staff intensive].

* que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].

* que necesita de un trabajo intelectual previo = knowledge-intensive.

* que necesita la información = information-dependent.

* que ni ama ni es amado = loveless.

* que no absorbe el agua o la humedad = non-hygroscopic.

* que no admite reserva = unreserved.

* que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.

* que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].

* que no ayuda a distinguir = nondistinctive.

* que no causa dolor = painless.

* que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.

* que no conduce a nada = circuitous.

* que no cuadra = unreconciled.

* que no da más de sí = overstretched.

* que no daña el medio ambiente = environmentally friendly, environmentally sound, eco-friendly.

* que no desaparece = lingering.

* que no es de fiar = untrustworthy.

* que no es de la India = non-Indic.

* que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.

* que no está en papel = non-paper [non paper].

* que no es texto = non-text.

* que no excluye otras posibilidades = non-exclusive.

* que no fuma = non-smoking.

* que no haya noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.

* que no llama la atención = inconspicuous.

* que no ofrece doctorado = non-doctoral granting.

* que no perdona = unforgiving.

* que no perjudica el medio ambiente = environmentally friendly, environmentally sound.

* que no perjudica el medio ambiente = eco-friendly.

* que no pertenece a una confesión religiosa concreta = nondenominational [non-denominational].

* que no pertenece a un sindicato = non-unionised.

* que no posee ninguna conexión = disjoint.

* que no queda bien = ill-fitting.

* que no recibe enseñanza formal = out-of-school.

* que no representa reto = unchallenging.

* que no sea(n) = other than.

* que no se hace añicos = shatterproof.

* que no se ha cuestionado = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].

* que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].

* que no se le puede dar un nombre = unnameable.

* que no se puede comparar = incomparable.

* que no se puede conseguir = unobtainable.

* que no se puede entregar = undeliverable.

* que no se puede hacer cumplir = unenforceable.

* que no se puede identificar con un término = unnameable.

* que no se puede sacar en préstamo = non-circulating [noncirculating].

* que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.

* que no se rompe en mil pedazos = shatterproof.

* que no se utiliza = unused.

* que nos rodea = ambient.

* que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].

* que no tienen que rendir cuentas a nadie = unaccountable.

* que no tiene precio = priceless.

* que no tiene que ver con el tema debatido = off-topic.

* que no viene a cuento = off-topic.

* que obstruye = obstructive.

* que ocupa la mejor posición = best-positioned.

* que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.

* que ocupa poco espacio = space-saving.

* que ocupa un puesto de mayor responsabilidad = senior.

* ¿qué ocurre si... ? = what if... ?.

* qué otra cosa = what else.

* que padece de cólicos = colicky newborn.

* que padece de peritonitis = peritonitic.

* ¡qué palabras son esas! = watch your language!.

* que parece dudoso = dubious-sounding.

* que parece sospechoso = dubious-sounding.

* que participan = at play.

* ¿Qué pasa? = What's up?, What's up?.

* que pasaba = passing.

* que pasa de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* que pasa desapercibido = inconspicuous, unobserved.

* que pasa inadvertido = inconspicuous.

* ¿qué pasará a continuación? = What's next?, What's next?, What next?, What next?.

* que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* que pela = piping hot, baking hot.

* que perdura = lingering.

* que permite desarrollar menús de consulta = menu-making.

* que pica = itchy [itchier -comp., itchiest -sup.].

* que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* que pincha = stubbly [stubblier -comp., stubbliest -sup.].

* qué poco común = how odd.

* que pone a Uno en su sitio = humbling.

* que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.

* que pone obstáculos = obstructive.

* que prefiere(n) = of + Posesivo + choosing, of + Posesivo + choice.

* que procede del exterior = inbound.

* que produce ansiedad = anxiety-producing.

* que progresa rápidamente = fast-moving.

* que + Pronombre + recordar = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* que puede demostrarse = demonstrably.

* que puede salir en préstamo = loanable.

* que puede ser apilado = stacking.

* que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.

* que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.

* que queda = left-over [left over], surviving.

* que queda mal = ill-fitting.

* que quede entre nosotros = between you and me, between ourselves.

* que quiere(n) = of + Posesivo + choosing, of + Posesivo + choice.

* ¡qué raro! = how strange!.

* que raya = jarring.

* que rebota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].

* que reduce el estrés = stress-reducing.

* que resulta irreconocible = out of all recognition.

* que retiene el calor = heat absorbing.

* que reúne las condiciones = qualified.

* que rodea = surrounding.

* ¡qué rollo macabeo! = what a palaver!.

* que rompe la armonía = eyesore.

* que sabe lo que = who knows what.

* que sale de = off.

* que se abrocha por atrás = back-buttoning.

* que se acerca = oncoming.

* que se acumula = accruable.

* que se alaba a uno mismo = self-congratulatory.

* que se alquila = rentable.

* que se aproxima = oncoming.

* que se atiene a una norma = compliant (with).

* que se autoperpetúa = self-perpetuating.

* que se avecina = oncoming.

* que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.

* que se coloca en lo alto del televisor = set-top.

* que se compra = priced.

* que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.

* que se congratula a sí mismo = self-congratulating.

* que se contradice a sí mismo = self-contradicting.

* que se cuentan por millones = numbered in millions.

* que se denomina a si mismo = self-proclaimed.

* que se derrama = overflowing.

* que se derrite en la boca = mellow [mellower -comp., mellowest -sup.].

* que se desarrollan = at play.

* que se descompone en migajas = crumby.

* que se desmenuza fácilmente = crumbly [crumblier -comp., crumbliest -sup.].

* que se desmigaja fácilmente = crumbly [crumblier -comp., crumbliest -sup.].

* que se encuentra en la naturaleza = naturally-occurring.

* que se enrolla = roll-up [rollup].

* que se entrecruzan = intertwined.

* que se está desarrollando = evolving.

* que se está descascarillando = flaking.

* que se está desintegrando = crumbling, disintegrating.

* que se está examinando = under review.

* que se está hundiendo = sinking.

* que se está investigando = under investigation.

* que se está pelando = flaking.

* que se explica por sí mismo = self-explanatory [self explanatory/selfexplanatory].

* que se expresa bien = articulate.

* que se gestiona a sí mismo = self-managed.

* que se guía por sí mismo = self-guiding.

* que se inicie la contienda = let battle commence.

* que se le puede dar un nombre = nameable.

* que se lleva gestando hace tiempo = long-simmering.

* (que se menciona) a continuación = below.

* que se necesita urgentemente = sorely needed.

* que se organiza a sí mismo = self-organising [self-organizing, -USA].

* que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.

* que se piensa = perceived.

* que se puede aplicar a rajatabla = hard and fast, ironclad [iron-clad].

* que se puede arreglar = fixable.

* que se puede buscar = searchable.

* que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].

* que se puede clasificar = classifiable.

* que se puede compartir = shareable.

* que se puede conocer = knowable.

* que se puede consultar = queriable.

* que se puede contestar = answerable.

* que se puede copiar = downloadable.

* que se puede distribuir = redistributable.

* que se puede enviar = deliverable.

* que se puede escuchar = playable.

* que se puede especificar = specifiable.

* que se puede evitar = avoidable.

* que se puede hacer cumplir = enforceable.

* que se puede identicar con un término = nameable.

* que se puede imprimir = printable.

* que se puede lavar con lejía = bleachable.

* que se puede obtener = obtainable.

* que se puede quitar = detachable, removable.

* que se puede reservar = bookable.

* que se puede responder = answerable.

* que se puede separar = detachable.

* que se recuerde = in living memory.

* que se repite = repetitious.

* que se repite una y otra vez = recurring.

* que se solapan = overlapping.

* que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back.

* que se vende = priced.

* que siempre va a la última moda = fashion-conscious.

* que sienta precedente = landmark.

* que sigue = ensuing.

* que sigue la última moda = fashion-conscious.

* que sigue una norma = compliant (with).

* que siguió = ensuing.

* ¿qué si no...? = what else but...?.

* que sobrepasa + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* que sobresale = protruding.

* que sólo se hace una vez = once-off.

* que suena = ringing.

* ¡Qué suerte! = What luck!, What luck!.

* que supone = associated with.

* que surge de = born out of.

* qué te parece que... = what about....

* que tiene el cenizo = jinxed.

* que tiene el gafe = jinxed.

* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.

* que tiene precio = priced.

* que tiene sentido = meaningful.

* que trabaja desde casa = home-based.

* que trabajan para él = in its employ.

* que transmite información = information-bearing.

* que trata de = surrounding.

* que tuvo lugar a continuación = ensuing.

* que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.

* que usa el estándar MIME = MIME-compliant.

* que utiliza el tiempo como variable = time-dependent.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* que vale la pena = worthwhile.

* que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.

* ¡qué verdad que es! = how true!.

* que viene = incoming, next + Expresión Temporal.

* que viene de largo = long-running.

* que viene el lobo = crying wolf.

* que vuela bajo = low-flying.

* ¡que + Pronombre + zurcir! = be damned!.

* quién sabe lo que = who knows what.

* quién sabe qué = who knows what.

* sin importar qué = no matter what/which.

* sin saber qué decir = nonplussed [nonplused].

* tal que = such that.

* un no sé qué = a je ne sais quoi.

* ¿Y ahora qué? = What's next?, What next?.

* ya que = for, in that.

* y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.

* ¡y qué más da! = so what!.

* * *

que¹

conjunction

A (en oraciones sustantivas)

1 (introduciendo un complemento) que + INDIC:

¿puede demostrar que estuvo allí? can you prove (that) you were there?

creemos que ésta es la única solución viable we believe that this is the only viable solution, we believe this to be the only viable solution

estoy seguro de que vendrá I'm sure she'll come

¿cuántos años crees que tiene? how old do you think she is?

me preguntó que quién era yo he asked me who I was

dice Javier que dónde está la tijera Javier wants to know where the scissors are, Javier says where are the scissors? ( colloq)

lo raro que lo pronuncia the strange way he pronounces it

que + SUBJ:

quiero que vengas I want you to come

lamento que no puedas quedarte I'm sorry (that) you can't stay

dice que apagues la luz he says you're to turn the light off

que yo sepa aún no han llegado as far as I know they still haven't arrived

ve a que te ayude tu padre go and get your father to help you

2 (introduciendo el sujeto) que + INDIC:

está claro que no te gusta it's obvious that you don't like it, you obviously don't like it

eso de que estaba enfermo es mentira ( fam); this business about him being ill is a lie

que + SUBJ:

(el) que sea el jefe no significa … the fact that he's the boss doesn't mean …, just because he's the boss doesn't mean …

lo más importante es que quede claro the most important thing is for it to be clear o is that it should be clear

sería una pena que no pudieses venir it would be a pity if you couldn't come

3

es que: es que hoy no voy a poder the thing is o I'm afraid (that) I won't be able to today

me gustaría ir, pero es que no tengo dinero I'd like to go, the trouble is I don't have any money

pero ¿es que eres sordo? are you deaf or something?

B (con elipsis del verbo o complemento)

1

(en expresiones de deseo, advertencia): ¡que te mejores! I hope you feel better soon

¡que se diviertan! have a good time!

por mí que se muera he can drop dead for all I care

y que no tenga que repetírtelo and I don't want to have to tell you again

2

(en expresiones de mandato): ¡que te calles! shut up! ( colloq)

¡que pase el siguiente! next please!

3

(en expresiones de concesión, permiso): si quiere, que se quede let him stay if he wants to, he can stay if he wants to

4

(en expresiones de sorpresa): ¿que se casa? she's getting married?

¿cómo que no vas a ir? what do you mean, you're not going?

5

(en expresiones de indignación): ¡que tengamos que aguantarle esto! to think we have to put up with this from him!

C (uso enfático)

1

(reafirmando algo): ¡que no, que no voy! no, I tell you, I'm not going!, no! I'm not going!

¡que sueltes, te digo! I said, let go!

2

(respondiendo a una pregunta): ¿que dónde estaba? pues aquí, no me he movido de casa where was I? right here, I haven't left the house

¿que qué hago yo aquí? ¡pero si ésta es mi casa! what do you mean, what am I doing here? this is my house!

3

(indicando persistencia): estuvimos todo el día corre que te corre we spent the whole day rushing around

D

1

(introduciendo una razón): escóndete, que te van a ver hide or they'll see you, hide, they'll see you

ven, que te peino come here and let me comb your hair

2 (introduciendo una consecuencia) that

se parecen tanto que apenas los distingo they're so alike (that) I can hardly tell them apart

canta que da gusto she sings beautifully

está que da pena verlo he's in a sorry state

E

(en comparaciones): su casa es más grande que la mía his house is bigger than mine

tengo la misma edad que tú I'm the same age as you

quiera que no, deberá reconocerlo like it or not, he'll have to accept it, he'll have to accept it, whether he likes it o not

F ( fam) (en oraciones condicionales) if

yo que tú no lo haría I wouldn't do it if I were you

G ( arc)

(expresando contraste): justicia pido, que no favores I ask for justice, not for favors

que²

pronoun

A (refiriéndose a personas)

1 ( sujeto) who

los que estén cansados, que esperen aquí those who are tired o anyone who's tired, wait here

los niños, que estaban cansados, se quedaron the children, who were tired, stayed behind

no conozco a nadie que tenga piscina I don't know anyone who has a swimming pool

el hombre que está sentado en la arena the man (who's) sitting on the sand

ésa es Cecilia, la que acaba de entrar that's Cecilia, the one who's just come in

todo el que no esté de acuerdo, que lo diga anyone who disagrees should say so, if anyone disagrees, please say so

aquí la que manda es mi madre my mother's the one who gives the orders here

2 ( complemento):

todas las chicas que entrevistamos all the girls (that o who) we interviewed, all the girls whom we interviewed ( frml)

es el único al que no le han pagado he's the only one who hasn't been paid

la sentaron al lado de Rodrigo, al que detestaba they sat her next to Rodrigo who o ( frml) whom she hated

el paciente del que te hablé the patient (that o who) I spoke to you about

B (refiriéndose a cosas, asuntos etc)

1 ( sujeto) that, which

la pieza que se rompió the part that o which broke

eso es lo que me preocupa that's what worries me

me contaron lo que pasó they told me what happened

2 ( complemento):

el disco que le regalé the record (which o that) I gave her

tiene mucha flema, como buen inglés que es he's very phlegmatic, good Englishman that he is

¿sabes lo difícil que fue? do you know how hard it was?

ver tb lo¹ art B. (↑ lo (1)), que¹ conj C. (↑ que (1))

me dormí de tan cansada que estaba I was so tired (that) I fell asleep o I fell asleep, I was so tired

la forma en que lo dijo the way (that o in which) she said it

el día (en) que llegaron the day (that o on which) they arrived

la época en (la) que ocurrió the period in which it took place, the period (that) it took place in

* * *

Multiple Entries:
que
qué
que conjunción
1 ( oraciones subordinadas)
a) that;

◊ creemos que esta es la solución we believe that this is the solution;

estoy seguro de que vendrá I'm sure (that) she'll come;
¿cuántos años crees que tiene? how old do you think she is?;
eso de que estaba enfermo es mentira (fam) this business about him being ill is a lie;
quiero que vengas I want you to come;
dice que no vayas she says you're not to go;
es importante que quede claro it's important that it should be clear;
sería una lástima que no vinieras it would be a shame if you didn't come
b)

◊ es que: es que hoy no voy a poder I'm afraid (that) I won't be able to today;

es que no tengo dinero the trouble is I don't have any money
2
a) ( en expresiones de deseo):

◊ ¡que te mejores! I hope you feel better soon;

¡que se diviertan! have a good time!;
ver tb ir v aux 2
b) ( en expresiones de mandato):

◊ ¡que te calles! shut up! (colloq);

¡que no! I said no!
c) ( en expresiones de sorpresa):

◊ ¿que se casa? she's getting married?;

¿cómo que no vas a ir? what do you mean, you're not going?
d) ( indicando persistencia):

◊ se pasa dale que dale con lo mismo he goes on and on about the same old thing;

y aquí llueve que llueve and over here it just rains and rains
3 ( introduciendo una consecuencia) that;
◊ se parecen tanto que apenas los distingo they're so alike (that) I can hardly tell them apart

4 ( en comparaciones):
◊ su casa es más grande que la mía his house is bigger than mine;

tengo la misma edad que tú I'm the same age as you
5 (fam) ( en oraciones condicionales) if;
◊ yo que tú if I were you

■ pronombre
1 ( refiriéndose a personas)
a) ( sujeto) who;

◊ los que estén cansados those who are tired;

es la que manda aquí she's the one who gives the orders here
b) ( complemento):

◊ la mujer que amo the woman (that) I love;

las chicas que entrevistamos the girls (that o who) we interviewed;
el único al que no le han pagado the only one who hasn't been paid;
la persona de la que te hablé the person (that o who) I spoke to you about
2 (refiriéndose a cosas, asuntos, etc)
a) ( sujeto) that, which;

◊ la pieza que se rompió the part that o which broke;

eso es lo que me preocupa that's what worries me
b) ( complemento):

◊ el disco que le regalé the record (which o that) I gave her;

la casa en que vivo the house (that) I live in;
¿sabes lo difícil que fue? do you know how hard it was?;
ver tb lo art 2 b
qué pronombre
1 ( interrogativo)
a) what;

◊ ¿que es eso? what's that?;

¿y que? so what?;
¿de que habló? what did she talk about?;
¿sabes que? you know what o something?;
no sé que hacer I don't know what to do
b) ( al pedir que se nos repita algo) what;

◊ ¿qué? what?

c) ( en saludos):

◊ ¿que tal? how are you?;

¿que es de tu vida? how's life?
2 ( en exclamaciones):
◊ ¡que va a ser abogado ese! him, a lawyer?;

ver tb ir V 1
■ adjetivo
1 ( interrogativo) what, which;
◊ ¿que color quieres? what o which color do you want?

2 ( en exclamaciones) what;
◊ ¡que noche! what a night!

■ adverbio:
◊ ¡que lindo! how lovely!;

¡que inteligente eres! aren't you clever!;
¡que bien (que) se está aquí! it's so nice here!;
¡que bien! great!, good!
que
I pron rel
1 (de persona) (como sujeto) who: la mujer que vendió el coche, the woman who sold the car
(como objeto de relativo) who, frml whom: su esposa, a la que admiraba, era muy amable, his wife, whom I admired, was very kind
la niña con la que juega, the girl (that o who o se omite) she plays with
el hombre del que hablé, the man of whom I spoke
2 (de cosa) (como sujeto) that, which
lo que, what: esto es lo que ocurrió, this is what happened
la casa que se incendió, the house (which o that) was burned down
(como complemento) el reloj que compró, the watch (which o that) he bought
la casa en la que vive ahora, the house where he lives now
II conj
1 (introducción de sujeto o complemento) (se omite o that) creo que va a llover, I think (that) it's going to rain
2 (expresión de deseo, mandato, etc) (se omite) que tengas un buen día, have a nice day
3 (consecución) (se omite o that) hacía tanto frío que me quedé en casa, it was so cold (that) I stayed at home
4 (comparación) than: su coche es mejor que el mío, his car is better than mine
5 (condicional) yo que tú iría, if I were you, I would go
6 (uso enfático) que sí, que iré al cine contigo, of course I'll go to the cinema with you
qué
I adjetivo
1 (pron interrogativo) what, which: ¿qué has comprado?, what have you bought?
¿qué color prefieres?, which colour do you prefer?
2 (pron excl) what, how: ¡qué de gente!, what a lot of people!
¡qué suerte tienes! how lucky you are!
¡qué vergüenza!, what a disgrace!
II adv excl so: ¡qué buenas que son!, they are so good!

' que' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abalanzarse
- abandonar
- abarcar
- abaratarse
- ablandar
- abonarse
- abrir
- abreviar
- abrirse
- absoluta
- absolutamente
- absoluto
- abundar
- aburrida
- aburrido
- aburrimiento
- acabar
- acabose
- acaparador
- acaparadora
- acariciar
- acarrear
- acercarse
- acholada
- acholado
- achuchar
- aclimatarse
- acompañar
- acopio
- actuación
- actual
- actualizar
- acuerdo
- adelante
- adelgazar
- adentro
- adicta
- adicto
- adivinar
- administración
- admitir
- adorno
- advertir
- aferrarse
- afín
- aflojar
- agradar
- agrado
- aguatera
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- abortion
- about
- absent
- accept
- acceptable
- accordance
- account
- account for
- accountable
- accustom
- acknowledge
- action
- actual
- actually
- ad-lib
- adapt
- add on
- address
- adjust
- admit
- admittedly
- advise
- affirmative
- afraid
- afresh
- after
- agenda
- agree
- ahead
- aid
- alive
- all
- allege
- allow
- allow for
- allowance
- alone
- aloud
- alphabetically
- already
- also
- alter
- alternative
- ambit
- amenities
- amicable
- amiss

* * *

que

♦ pron relativo

1. (sujeto) [persona] who, that;
[cosa] that, which;
la mujer que me saluda the woman (who o that is) waving to me;

el que me lo compró the one o person who bought it from me;

el hombre, que decía llamarse Simón, era bastante sospechoso the man, who said he was called Simón, seemed rather suspicious;

¿hay alguien que tenga un encendedor? does anyone have a lighter?;

la moto que me gusta the motorbike (that) I like;

hace natación, que es muy sano she swims, which is very good for your health;

la salsa fue lo que más me gustó the sauce was the bit I liked best;

el que más y el que menos every last one of us/them, all of us/them without exception

2. (complemento directo) (se puede omitir en inglés) [persona] who, Formal whom;
[cosa] that, which;
el hombre que conociste ayer the man (who o whom) you met yesterday;

la persona/el lugar que estás buscando the person/the place you're looking for;

eres de los pocos a los que invitaron you're one of the few people (who) they invited;

esa casa es la que o [m5] esa es la casa que me quiero comprar that house is the one (that) I want to buy, that's the house (that) I want to buy;

eso es todo lo que sé that's all o everything I know

3. (complemento indirecto) (se puede omitir en inglés)
al que, a la que, a los/las que (to) who, Formal (to) whom;

ese es el chico al que presté dinero that's the boy (who) I lent some money to, that's the boy (to) whom I lent some money

4. (complemento circunstancial)
la playa a la que fui the beach where I went, the beach I went to;

la mujer con/de la que hablas the woman (who) you are talking to/about;

la mesa en la que escribes the table on which you are writing, the table you are writing on;

la manera o [m5] forma en que lo dijo the way (in which) she said it;

(en) que [indicando tiempo] when;

el día (en) que me fui the day (when) I left;

el año (en) que nos conocimos the year (when) we first met

5. [en frases]
en lo que tú te arreglas, yo recojo la cocina I'll tidy the kitchen up while you're getting ready

♦ conj

1. (con oraciones de sujeto) that;

es importante que me escuches it's important that you listen to me, it's important for you to listen to me;

que haya pérdidas no significa que vaya a haber despidos the fact that we've suffered losses doesn't mean anyone is going to lose their job;

sería mejor que no se lo dijeras it would be better if you didn't tell her;

se suponía que era un secreto it was supposed to be a secret

2. (con oraciones de complemento directo) that;

me ha confesado que me quiere he has told me that he loves me;

creo que no iré I don't think (that) I'll go;

procura que no se te escape el perro try and make sure (that) the dog doesn't get away from you;

intentamos que todos estén contentos we try to keep everybody happy;

me dijeron que me quedara en casa they told me to stay at home;

me dijeron que dónde iba they asked me where I was going

3. (después de preposición)
estoy convencido de que es cierto I'm convinced (that) it's true;

con que esté listo el jueves es suficiente as long as it's ready by Thursday, that'll be fine;

estoy en contra de que siga en el cargo I'm opposed to him continuing in his job;

sin que nadie se entere without anyone realizing;

el hecho de que… the fact that…

4. (comparativo) than;

es más rápido que tú he's quicker than you;

alcanza la misma velocidad que un tren convencional it can go as fast as a conventional train;

trabaja el doble de horas que yo she works twice as many hours as me;

antes morir que vivir la guerra otra vez I'd rather die than live through the war again

5. [indica causa, motivo]
hemos de esperar, que todavía no es la hora we'll have to wait, (as) it isn't time yet;

no quiero café, que luego no duermo I won't have any coffee, it stops me from sleeping;

baja la voz, que nos van a oír lower your voice or they'll hear us;

el dólar ha subido, que lo oí en la radio the dollar has gone up, I heard it on the radio

6. [indica consecuencia] that;

tanto me lo pidió que se lo di he asked me for it so insistently that I gave it to him;

¡esta habitación huele que apesta! this room stinks!;

mira si es grande que no cabe por la puerta it's so big it won't go through the door

7. [indica finalidad] so (that);

ven aquí que te vea come over here so (that) I can see you

8. [indica deseo, mandato] that;

espero que te diviertas I hope (that) you have fun;

¡que te diviertas! have fun!;

quiero que lo hagas I want you to do it;
Fam
¡que se vaya a la porra! she can go to hell!;

por favor, que nadie se mueva de aquí please don't anybody go away from here;

¡que llamen a un médico! get them to call a doctor!

9. [para reiterar, hacer hincapié]
¡que te doy un bofetón! do that again and I'll slap you!;

¿no vas a venir? – ¡que sí! aren't you coming? – of course I am!;

¿pero de verdad no quieres venir? – ¡que no! but do you really not want to come? – definitely not!;

¡que me dejes! just leave me alone!;

¡que pases te digo! but do come in, please!

10. [para expresar contrariedad, enfado]
¡que tenga una que hacer estas cosas a sus años! that she should have to do such things at her age!

11. (en oraciones interrogativas) [para expresar reacción a lo dicho]
¿que quiere venir? pues que venga so she wants to come? then let her;

¿que te han despedido? [con tono de incredulidad] you're telling me they've sacked you?;

¿cómo que dónde está? ¡donde siempre! what do you mean where is it? it's where it always is!

12. [para explicar]
es que… the thing is (that)…, it's just (that)…;

es que yo ya tengo perro the thing is (that) o it's just (that) I already have a dog;

¿es que te da vergüenza? are you embarrassed (or what)?, is it that you're embarrassed?

13. [indica hipótesis] if;

que no quieres hacerlo, pues no pasa nada it doesn't matter if you don't want to do it;

¿que llueve? nos quedamos en casa if it rains, we'll just stay at home;

¿tú que él qué harías? what would you do if you were him o (if you were) in his shoes?

14. [indica disyunción] or;

quieras que no, harás lo que yo mando you'll do what I tell you, whether you like it or not;

han tenido algún problema que otro they've had the odd problem

15. [indica reiteración]
estuvieron charla que te charla toda la mañana they were chatting o esp Br nattering away all morning;

se pasó el día llora que te llora she cried and cried all day, she didn't stop crying all day

* * *

que

I pron rel sujeto: persona who, that; cosa which, that; complemento: persona that, whom fml ; cosa that, which;

el coche que ves the car you can see, the car that o which you can see;

el que the one that;

la que the one that;

lo que what

II conj that;

lo mismo que tú the same as you;

¡que entre! tell him to come in;

¡que descanses! sleep well;

¡que sí! I said yes;

¡que no! I said no;

es que … the thing is …;

yo que tú if I were you;

¡que no se repita! make sure it doesn’t happen again!;

¡que me pase esto a mí! I can’t believe this is happening to me!;

eso sí que no definitely not!;

alguno que otro the odd

* * *

qué adv

: how, what

¡qué bonito!: how pretty!

qué adj

: what, which

¿qué hora es?: what time is it?

qué pron

: what

¿qué quieres?: what do you want?

que conj

1) : that

dice que está listo: he says that he's ready

espero que lo haga: I hope that he does it

2) : than

más que nada: more than anything

3) (implying permission or desire)

¡que entre!: send him in!

¡que te vaya bien!: I wish you well!

4) (indicating a reason or cause)

¡cuidado, que te caes!: be careful, you're about to fall!

no provoques al perro, que te va a morder: don't provoke the dog or (else) he'll bite

5)

es que : the thing is that, I'm afraid that

6)

yo que tú : if I were you

que pron

1) : who, that

la niña que viene: the girl who is coming

2) : whom, that

los alumnos que enseñé: the students that I taught

3) : that, which

el carro que me gusta: the car that I like

4)

el (la, lo, las, los) que el, la, lo, los

* * *

que¹ conj

1. (con oraciones subordinadas) that

me dijo que no quería ir he told me that he didn't want to go

creo que está bien I think that it's OK

En todos los ejemplos anteriores that puede omitirse

2. (en comparaciones) than

Tomás es más alto que Paco Tomás is taller than Paco

Raquel baila mejor que yo Raquel dances better than me

Con verbos como mandar, decir o querer, etc, que se traduce mediante un infinitivo

me dijo que esperara aquí he told me to wait here

quiero que vengas a la fiesta I want you to come to the party

En las exclamaciones y algunas otras construcciones, que no se traduce

¡que lo pases bien! enjoy yourself! / have a good time!

ahora no voy, que es demasiado tarde I'm not going now, it's too late

dame la chaqueta, que te la cuelgue give me your jacket, I'll hang it up for you

¿a que...? I bet...

¿a que no sabes a quién vi ayer? I bet you don't know who I saw yesterday

que² pron

1. (referido a una persona) who

la chica que ganó la carrera the girl who won the race

el ganador, que tiene 25 años, es periodista the winner, who is 25, is a journalist who puede omitirse cuando va seguido del sujeto de un verbo

the teacher we had last year el profesor que tuvimos el año pasado

2. (referido a una cosa) which

el barco que se hundió the ship which sank

la casa, que estaba vacía, se quemó the house, which was empty, burnt down which puede omitirse cuando va seguido del sujeto de un verbo

the record you lent me is scratched el disco que me dejaste está rayado

Spanish-English dictionary > que
9 heure

heure [œʀ]

feminine noun

   a. ( = 60 minutes) hour

• les heures passaient lentement the hours passed slowly

• il a parlé des heures he spoke for hours

• heure de cours lesson

• une heure de géographie a geography lesson

• pendant les heures de classe during school hours

• pendant les heures de bureau during office hours

• gagner 30 € de l'heure to earn 30 euros an hour

• faire beaucoup d'heures to put in long hours

• 24 heures sur 24 24 hours a day

• c'est à une heure de Paris it's an hour from Paris

   b. (sur une montre) time

• savez-vous l'heure ? do you know the time?

• quelle heure est-il ? what time is it?

• quelle heure as-tu ? what time do you make it?

• avez-vous l'heure ? have you got the time?

• tu as vu l'heure ? do you realize what time it is?

• il est six heures it's six o'clock

• il est six heures dix it's ten past (Brit) or after (US) six

• il est six heures moins dix it's ten to (Brit) or of (US) six

• il est six heures et demie it's six-thirty

• dix heures du matin ten in the morning

• dix heures du soir ten at night

• à 16 heures 30 at 4.30 pm

• à 4 heures juste at 4 sharp

• les bus passent à l'heure et à la demie there's a bus on the hour and on the half hour

• à une heure avancée de la nuit late at night

• demain, à la première heure first thing in the morning

   c. ( = moment) time

• c'est l'heure ! (de rendre un devoir) time's up!

• c'est l'heure d'aller au lit ! it's time for bed!

• heure de Greenwich Greenwich Mean Time

• il est midi, heure locale it's noon, local time

• nous venons de passer à l'heure d'hiver we have just put the clocks back

• passer à l'heure d'été to put the clocks forward

• l'heure du déjeuner lunchtime

• l'heure d'aller se coucher bedtime

• l'heure du biberon feeding time

• aux heures des repas at mealtimes

• à heures fixes at set times

• heures d'ouverture opening times

• heures de fermeture closing times

• l'heure de la sortie going home time

• avant l'heure early

• un cubiste avant l'heure a cubist before the term was ever invented

• ce doit être Paul, c'est son heure it must be Paul, it's his usual time

• votre heure sera la mienne name a time

• elle a eu son heure de gloire she has had her hour of glory

• la France à l'heure de l'ordinateur France in the computer age

   d. (locutions)

► d'heure en heure hour by hour

• son inquiétude grandissait d'heure en heure as the hours went by he grew more and more anxious► de bonne heure (dans la journée) early

► à l'heure

• être payé à l'heure to be paid by the hour

• faire du 100 à l'heure to do 100 km an hour

• arriver à l'heure to arrive on time

• être à l'heure to be on time

• ma montre n'est pas à l'heure my watch is wrong

• mettre sa montre à l'heure to put one's watch right► à l'heure qu'il est, à cette heure at this moment in time

• à l'heure qu'il est, il devrait être rentré he should be home by now► à toute heure at any time

• repas chauds à toute heure hot meals all day► à la bonne heure ! that's excellent!

► pour l'heure for the time being

* * *
œʀ
nom féminin

1) ( soixante minutes) hour

24 heures sur 24 — lit, fig 24 hours a day

dans l'heure qui a suivi — within the hour

d'heure en heure — [augmenter, empirer] by the hour

deux heures d'attente — a two-hour wait

toutes les deux heures — every two hours

toutes les heures — every hour

après trois heures d'avion — after three hours on the plane

être à trois heures d'avion de Paris — to be three hours away from Paris by plane

faire trois heures de bateau — to be on the boat for three hours

faire du 60 à l'heure — (colloq)

faire 60 km à l'heure — to do 60 km per hour

payé à l'heure — paid by the hour

25 euros de l'heure — 25 euros an hour

la semaine de 35 heures — the 35-hour week

une petite heure — an hour at the most

une bonne heure — a good hour

2) ( indication) time

à 11 heures, heure de Paris — at 11, Paris time

il ne sait pas lire l'heure — he can't tell the time

se tromper d'heure — to get the time wrong

il est 10 heures — it's 10 (o'clock)

il est 10 heures 20 — it's 20 past 10

il est 10 heures moins 20 — it's 20 to 10

à 4 heures pile or tapantes — (colloq) at 4 o'clock sharp

mettre sa montre à l'heure — to set one's watch

l'heure tourne — time is passing

3) ( point dans le temps) time

l'heure d'arrivée — the arrival time

heures d'ouverture — opening times

être à l'heure — to be on time

‘sandwiches à toute heure’ — ‘sandwiches available at any time’

à une heure avancée (de la nuit) — late at night

de bonne heure — [se lever, partir] early

il doit être loin à l'heure qu'il est — he must be a long way off by now

c'est son heure — it's his/her usual time

à l'heure où je te parle — while I'm speaking to you

de la première heure — [résistant, militant] from the very beginning

à la première heure — at first light

de dernière heure — [manœuvre, décision] last-minute

un résistant de la dernière heure — a late convert to the resistance

ta dernière heure est arrivée — your time has come

4) (période, époque) time

à l'heure actuelle, pour l'heure — at the present time

à l'heure de la pause — during the break

l'heure du déjeuner/thé/d îner — lunchtime/teatime/dinnertime

aux heures des repas — at mealtimes

l'heure n'est pas à la polémique — this is no time for controversy

l'heure est grave — the situation is serious

il est peintre à ses heures — he paints in his spare time

à la bonne heure! — well done!

5) ( ère) era

vivre à l'heure des satellites — to live in the satellite era

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- heure d'affluence

- heure d'été

- heure H

- heure d'hiver

- heure légale

- heure de pointe

- heures supplémentaires

••

avant l'heure, c'est pas l'heure, après l'heure, c'est plus l'heure — (colloq) there's no time but the right time

vivre à cent à l'heure — (colloq) fig to be always on the go (colloq)

* * *
œʀ nf
1) (durée) hour

Le trajet dure six heures. — The journey lasts six hours.

2 heures de marche — 2 hours' walk

2 heures de travail — 2 hours' work

une heure d'arrêt — an hour's break

24 heures sur 24 — round the clock, 24 hours a day

100 km à l'heure — 60 miles an hour, 60 miles per hour

2) (moment) time

quelle heure est-il? — what time is it?

pourriez-vous me donner l'heure, s'il vous plaît? — could you tell me the time, please?

vous avez l'heure? — have you got the time?

à quelle heure? — what time?

À quelle heure arrivons-nous? — What time do we arrive?

c'est l'heure — it's time

C'est l'heure de la sieste. — It's siesta time.

2 heures — 2 o'clock

2 heures du matin — 2 o'clock in the morning

2 heures de l'après-midi — 2 o'clock in the afternoon

9 heures du soir — 9 o'clock in the evening

à toute heure — at any time

de bonne heure — early

être à l'heure [personne] — to be on time, [montre] to be right

mettre à l'heure — to set right

à l'heure qu'il est (= actuellement) — now

d'heure en heure — from one hour to the next

La situation évolue d'heure en heure. — The situation is developing from one hour to the next.

à l'heure actuelle — at the present time

pour l'heure — for the time being

sur l'heure — at once

3) ÉDUCATION period

une heure de français — a period of French

4) (autre locution)

à la bonne heure! — splendid!

* * *

heure ⇒ L'heure, La mesure du temps, La vitesse nf

1 ( soixante minutes) hour; une heure avant or plus tôt an hour before; deux heures après or plus tard two hours later; en une heure in an hour; 24 heures sur 24 lit, fig twenty four hours a day, round the clock; dans l'heure qui a suivi within the hour; dans les 24 heures within 24 hours; d'heure en heure [augmenter, empirer] by the hour; suivre qch heure par heure to follow sth hour by hour; deux heures de repos/d'attente a two-hour rest/wait; toutes les deux heures every two hours; il y a un train toutes les heures there's a train every hour; après trois heures d'avion after three hours on the plane, after a three-hour flight; être à trois heures de train/d'avion de Paris to be three hours away from Paris by train/plane; être à trois heures de marche de Paris to be a three-hour walk from Paris; faire trois heures de bateau/d'avion to be on the boat/plane for three hours; faire du 60 à l'heure○, faire 60 km à l'heure to do 60 km per hour; être payé à l'heure to be paid by the hour; gagner 40 euros de l'heure to earn 40 euros an hour; la semaine de 35 heures the 35-hour week; avoir deux heures de chimie par semaine to have two hours of chemistry per week; une petite heure an hour at the most; une bonne heure a good hour; ça fait une heure que je t'attends! ( par exagération) I've been waiting for an hour!; nous avons parlé du projet pendant des heures we talked about the project for hours on end;

2 ( indication) time; l'heure exacte or juste the exact ou right time; quelle heure est-il? what time is it, what's the time?; tu as l'heure? have you got the time? ; à quelle heure…? (at) what time…?; à 11 heures, heure de Paris at 11, Paris time; il ne sait pas lire l'heure he can't tell the time; se tromper d'heure to get the time wrong; il est 10 heures it's 10 (o'clock); il est 10 heures 20 it's 20 past 10; il est 10 heures moins 20 it's 20 to 10; à 5 heures du matin/de l'après-midi at 5 in the morning/in the afternoon, at 5 am/pm; à 4 heures pile or tapantes○ at 4 o'clock sharp ou on the dot; mettre/remettre sa montre à l'heure to set/reset one's watch; l'heure tourne time is passing;

3 ( point dans le temps) time; l'heure d'un rendez-vous/de la prière the time of an appointment/for prayer; il est or c'est l'heure de faire it's time to do; c'est l'heure, il faut que j'y aille it's time, I must go; l'heure d'arrivée/de départ the arrival/departure time; heures d'ouverture/de fermeture opening/closing times; arriver/être à l'heure to arrive/be on time; à l'heure convenue at the agreed time; ‘sandwiches à toute heure’ ‘sandwiches available at any time’; à une heure indue at an unearthly hour; à une heure avancée (de la nuit) late at night; de bonne heure [se lever, partir] early; il doit être loin à l'heure qu'il est he must be a long way off by now; c'est son heure it's his/her usual time; il ne viendra pas à l'heure qu'il est he won't come this late; mourir avant l'heure to die before one's time; ton heure viendra your time will come; son heure est venue his/her time has come; à l'heure où je te parle while I'm speaking to you, at this very moment; de la première heure [résistant, militant] from the very beginning; à la première heure at first light; de dernière heure [manœuvre, décision] last-minute; un résistant de la dernière heure a late convert to the resistance; ta dernière heure est arrivée your time has come;

4 (période, époque) time; à l'heure actuelle, pour l'heure at the present time; à l'heure où… at a time when…; à l'heure de la restructuration/détente at a time of restructuring/détente; à l'heure de la pause during the break; l'heure du déjeuner/thé/dîner lunchtime/teatime/dinnertime; aux heures des repas at mealtimes; pendant les heures de bureau/de classe during office/school hours; l'heure est à l'entreprise individuelle the current trend is for private enterprise; l'heure n'est pas à la polémique/l'optimisme this is no time for controversy/optimism; l'heure est grave the situation is serious; il est peintre/poète à ses heures he paints/writes poetry in his spare time; c'est la bonne/la mauvaise heure it's the right/a bad time; à la bonne heure! well done!;

5 ( ère) era; vivre à l'heure des satellites/de l'audiovisuel to live in the satellite/audiovisual era.

Composés

heure d'affluence Transp peak hour; aux heures d'affluence during peak hours; heure d'été Admin summer time GB, daylight saving(s) time US; heure H Mil, fig zero hour; heure d'hiver Admin winter time GB, daylight saving(s) time US; heure légale Admin standard time; heure locale Admin local time; heure de pointe Transp rush hour; aux heures de pointe during (the) rush hour; heures canoniales Relig canonical hours; heures supplémentaires, heures sup○ Entr overtime; faire des heures supplémentaires to do ou work overtime; ⇒ quatorze.

Idiomes

avant l'heure, c'est pas l'heure, après l'heure, c'est plus l'heure○ there's no time but the right time; vivre à cent à l'heure○ fig to be always on the go○.

[ɶr] nom féminin

1. [unité de temps] hour

j'attends depuis une bonne ou grande heure I've been waiting for a good hour

revenez dans une petite heure be back in less than ou in under an hour

à 45 km à l'heure at 45 km an ou per hour

24 heures sur 24 round-the-clock, 24 hours a day

pharmacie ouverte 24 heures sur 24 all-night ou 24-hour chemist

d'heure en heure by the hour

2. [durée d'un trajet] hour

à deux heures (de voiture ou de route) de chez moi two hours' (drive) from my home

il y a trois heures de marche/vol it's a three hour walk/flight

3. [unité de travail ou de salaire] hour

un travail (payé) à l'heure a job paid by the hour

quinze euros de l'heure fifteen euros an ou per hour

une heure de travail an hour's work, an hour of work

sans compter les heures de main-d'œuvre excluding labour (costs)

une heure de chimie ÉDUCATION a chemistry period ou class

une heure supplémentaire an ou one hour's overtime

des heures supplémentaires overtime (substantif non comptable)

4. [point précis de la journée] time

15 h heure locale 3 p.m. local time

elle est passée sur le coup de huit heures (familier) she dropped in at about eight

c'est l'heure!

a. [de partir] it's time (to go)!

b. [de rendre sa copie] time's up!

l'heure, c'est l'heure on time is on time

quand c'est l'heure, c'est l'heure! (familier) when you've got to go, you've got to go!

avant l'heure before time

avant l'heure, c'est pas l'heure, après l'heure c'est plus l'heure there's a right time for every thing

quelle heure est-il? what time is it?, what's the time?

vous avez l'heure? do you have the time?

quelle heure avez-vous? what time do you make it?

tu as vu l'heure (qu'il est)? have you any idea what time it is?

il ne sait pas encore lire l'heure he can't tell the time yet

il y a une heure pour tout, chaque chose à son heure there's a time (and a place) for everything

il n'y a pas d'heure pour les braves! when a man's got to go, a man's got to go!

il n'a pas d' heure, avec lui il n'y a pas d'heure (familier) [il n'est pas ponctuel] he just turns up when it suits him

l'heure d'été British Summer Time (UK), daylight (saving) time (US)

passer à l'heure d'été/d'hiver to put the clocks forward/back

l'heure de Greenwich Greenwich Mean Time, GMT

l'heure H zero hour

5. [moment] time

à une heure indue at some ungodly ou godforsaken hour

ce doit être ma tante qui appelle, c'est son heure that must be my aunt, this is her usual time for calling

ton heure sera la mienne (you) choose ou name a time

elle est romancière à ses heures she writes the odd novel (now and again)

l'heure d'aller au lit bedtime

l'heure du déjeuner lunchtime

les heures d'affluence the rush hour

heures de bureau office hours

les heures creuses

a. [sans foule] off-peak period

b. [sans clients] slack period

6. [période d'une vie] hour

son heure de gloire his moment of glory

l'heure est grave things are serious

l'heure est à l'action now is the time for action

c'est sa dernière heure his time is near

dis-toi que ce n'était pas ton heure don't worry, your time will come

l'heure de vérité the moment of truth

7. INFORMATIQUE

heures machine computer time

8. ASTRONOMIE hour

————————

heures nom féminin pluriel

RELIGION hours

livre d'heures Book of Hours

à la bonne heure locution adverbiale

good

elle est reçue, à la bonne heure! so she passed, good ou marvellous!

à l'heure locution adjectivale

1. [personne] on time

2. [montre]

la montre est à l'heure the watch is keeping good time

à l'heure locution adverbiale

mettre sa montre/une pendule à l'heure to set one's watch/a clock right

le Japon à l'heure anglaise the Japanese go British

à l'heure de locution prépositionnelle

in the era ou age of

de bonne heure locution adverbiale

[tôt] early

[en avance] in good time

pour l'heure locution adverbiale

for now ou the time being ou the moment

sur l'heure locution adverbiale

(littéraire) straightaway, at once

tout à l'heure locution adverbiale

1. [dans un moment] later, in a (short ou little) while

à tout à l'heure! see you later!

2. [il y a un moment] earlier (today)

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > heure
10 escala

f.

1 scale.

escala Celsius Celsius (temperature) scale

escala de Richter Richter scale

escala salarial salary scale

escala de valores set of values

2 scale.

una reproducción a escala a scale model

un dibujo a escala natural a life-size drawing

a escala mundial on a worldwide scale

a gran escala on a large scale

3 stopover.

hacer escala to stop over

sin escala non-stop

escala técnica refueling stop

4 scale (Music).

5 ladder (escalera).

6 intermediate stop.

7 staging post.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: escalar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: escalar.

* * *

escala

► nombre femenino

1 (escalera - de mano) ladder; (- de tijera) stepladder

2 (graduación) scale; (de colores) range

3 (mapa, plano, etc) scale

■ lo dibujó a escala he drew it to scale

4 (port) port of call; (airport) stopover

5 MÚSICA scale

6 MILITAR promotion list

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a gran escala / en gran escala on a large scale

en pequeña escala on a small scale

hacer escala (en barco) to put in (en, at); (en avión) to stop over (en, in)

escala de gato rope ladder

escala de valores scale of values

escala móvil sliding scale

escala musical scale

* * *

noun f.

1) range

2) scale

* * *

SF

1) [en medición, gradación] scale

• a escala — [dibujo, mapa, maqueta] scale antes de s

un mapa hecho a escala — a map drawn to scale, a scale map

una imitación a escala reducida de un objeto real — a scaled-down version of a real object

• a escala real — life-size antes de s

• reproducir algo a escala — to reproduce sth to scale

escala (abierta de) Richter — Richter scale

escala (de) Beaufort — Beaufort scale

escala (de) Celsius — Celsius scale

escala de colores — colour spectrum, color spectrum (EEUU)

escala (de) Fahrenheit — Fahrenheit scale

escala (de) Kelvin — Kelvin scale

escala (de) Mercalli — Mercalli scale

escala de salarios — salary scale

escala de tiempo — (Geol) time scale

escala de valores — set of values, scale of values

escala graduada — graduated scale

escala móvil — (Téc) sliding scale; (Econ) sliding salary scale

escala salarial — salary scale

escala social — social ladder, social scale

2) [de importancia, extensión]

la producción a escala industrial — production on an industrial scale

un problema a escala mundial — a global problem, a problem on a worldwide scale

• a o en gran escala — on a large scale

• a o en pequeña escala — on a small scale

un caso de corrupción a pequeña escala — a case of small-scale corruption, a case of corruption on a small scale

3) (=parada en ruta)

a) (Aer) stopover

una escala de dos horas en París — a two-hour stopover in Paris

un vuelo sin escalas — a non-stop flight

• hacer escala — to stop over

el vuelo hizo escala en Brasil — the flight stopped over in Brazil

hizo dos escalas para repostar — it made two stopovers for refuelling

b) (Náut) port of call

la siguiente escala es Barcelona — the next port of call is Barcelona

el buque hizo escala en Cádiz — the ship put in at Cádiz

escala técnica — refuelling o (EEUU) refueling stop

4) (=escalera de mano) ladder

escala de cuerda, escala de viento — rope ladder

5) (Mús) scale

escala cromática — chromatic scale

escala diatónica — diatonic scale

escala musical — musical scale

* * *

femenino

1) ( para mediciones) scale

- escala centígrada or Celsius/Fahrenheit

- escala de valores

- escala móvil

- escala salarial

2) (Mús) scale

3) ( escalafón)

la escala social — the social scale

4)

a) (de mapa, plano) scale

hecho a escala — done to scale

una reproducción a escala natural — a life-size o life-sized reproduction

b) (de fenómeno, problema) scale

a escala nacional — on a nationwide o national scale

a or en gran escala — on a large scale

5) (Aviac, Náut) stopover

hicimos escala en Roma — we stopped over in Rome

- escala técnica

6) ( escalera) ladder

* * *

= echelon, magnitude, range, scale, scale, shade, spectrum [spectra, -pl.], continuum, gradation, stopover, rating scale, port of call, rating, sliding scale.

Ex. Involvement of lower echelon personnel in planning has the advantage of getting the practical point of view of those closer to the scene of the operations.

Ex. Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

Ex. The scale of a map is the distance as shown on the map in relation to actual distance.

Ex. Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.

Ex. Partly because of the fact that documents have shades of relevance to a given topic this is an impossible objective.

Ex. As one respondent from this end of the information spectrum put it, 'Context is all in the information world'.

Ex. At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).

Ex. Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.

Ex. This article discusses the strategic location of the Islands as a stopover and spring-board for more far-flung explorations along the African coast.

Ex. This process will allow institutional evaluators to compare their individual evaluations using a standardized format and rating scale.

Ex. ' Ports of Call' is an enchanting, lovely, scary and sad book, as good as any.

Ex. But the rater must not be afraid to give negative ratings.

Ex. For insulin dosing, use a sliding scale based on patient weight as well as on blood sugar values.

----

* a + Adjetivo + escala = on a + Adjetivo + scale.

* a escala = drawn-to-scale.

* a escala industrial = on an industrial scale, industrial-scale.

* a escala mundial = globally, on a global scale.

* a escala natural = full-scale.

* a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.

* a menor escala = at a reduced rate.

* a pequeña escala = in a small way, small scale [small-scale].

* a un extremo de la escala = at one end of the scale.

* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.

* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum.

* en otra escala = on a different plane.

* en un extremo de la escala = at one extreme.

* escala de ampliación = enlargement ratio.

* escala de grises = grey scale [gray scale].

* escala de reducción = reduction ratio.

* escala de tarifas según los ingresos = sliding fee scale.

* escala de valores = graded range, set of values.

* escala de Wechsler = Wechsler scale.

* escala móvil = sliding scale.

* escala que consta de nueve grados = nine-point scale.

* escala salarial = salary scale, pay scale, salary schedule, salary range, salary band, sliding pay scale.

* escala temporal = time continuum.

* estar hecho a escala = be to scale.

* hacer escala = stop over.

* IGE (Integración a Gran Escala) = LSI (Large Scale Integration).

* IME (Integración a Media Escala) = MSI (Medium Scale Integration).

* IPE (Integración a Pequeña Escala) = SSI (Small Scale Integration).

* mención de escala = statement of scale.

* Nombre + a gran escala = broad scale + Nombre.

* puerto de escala = port of call.

* seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.

* * *

femenino

1) ( para mediciones) scale

- escala centígrada or Celsius/Fahrenheit

- escala de valores

- escala móvil

- escala salarial

2) (Mús) scale

3) ( escalafón)

la escala social — the social scale

4)

a) (de mapa, plano) scale

hecho a escala — done to scale

una reproducción a escala natural — a life-size o life-sized reproduction

b) (de fenómeno, problema) scale

a escala nacional — on a nationwide o national scale

a or en gran escala — on a large scale

5) (Aviac, Náut) stopover

hicimos escala en Roma — we stopped over in Rome

- escala técnica

6) ( escalera) ladder

* * *

= echelon, magnitude, range, scale, scale, shade, spectrum [spectra, -pl.], continuum, gradation, stopover, rating scale, port of call, rating, sliding scale.

Ex: Involvement of lower echelon personnel in planning has the advantage of getting the practical point of view of those closer to the scene of the operations.

Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

Ex: The scale of a map is the distance as shown on the map in relation to actual distance.

Ex: Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.

Ex: Partly because of the fact that documents have shades of relevance to a given topic this is an impossible objective.

Ex: As one respondent from this end of the information spectrum put it, 'Context is all in the information world'.

Ex: At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).

Ex: Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.

Ex: This article discusses the strategic location of the Islands as a stopover and spring-board for more far-flung explorations along the African coast.

Ex: This process will allow institutional evaluators to compare their individual evaluations using a standardized format and rating scale.

Ex: ' Ports of Call' is an enchanting, lovely, scary and sad book, as good as any.

Ex: But the rater must not be afraid to give negative ratings.

Ex: For insulin dosing, use a sliding scale based on patient weight as well as on blood sugar values.

* a + Adjetivo + escala = on a + Adjetivo + scale.

* a escala = drawn-to-scale.

* a escala industrial = on an industrial scale, industrial-scale.

* a escala mundial = globally, on a global scale.

* a escala natural = full-scale.

* a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.

* a menor escala = at a reduced rate.

* a pequeña escala = in a small way, small scale [small-scale].

* a un extremo de la escala = at one end of the scale.

* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.

* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum.

* en otra escala = on a different plane.

* en un extremo de la escala = at one extreme.

* escala de ampliación = enlargement ratio.

* escala de grises = grey scale [gray scale].

* escala de reducción = reduction ratio.

* escala de tarifas según los ingresos = sliding fee scale.

* escala de valores = graded range, set of values.

* escala de Wechsler = Wechsler scale.

* escala móvil = sliding scale.

* escala que consta de nueve grados = nine-point scale.

* escala salarial = salary scale, pay scale, salary schedule, salary range, salary band, sliding pay scale.

* escala temporal = time continuum.

* estar hecho a escala = be to scale.

* hacer escala = stop over.

* IGE (Integración a Gran Escala) = LSI (Large Scale Integration).

* IME (Integración a Media Escala) = MSI (Medium Scale Integration).

* IPE (Integración a Pequeña Escala) = SSI (Small Scale Integration).

* mención de escala = statement of scale.

* Nombre + a gran escala = broad scale + Nombre.

* puerto de escala = port of call.

* seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.

* * *

escala

feminine

A (para mediciones) scale

Compuestos:

● escala Beaufort

Beaufort scale

● escala centígrada or Celsius

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] centigrade o Celsius scale

● escala de valores

set of values

● escala Fahrenheit

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] Fahrenheit scale

● escala Mercalli

Mercalli scale

● escala móvil

sliding scale

● escala Richter

Richter scale

● escala salarial

salary o wage scale

B ( Mús) scale

Compuestos:

● escala cromática

chromatic scale

● escala diatónica

diatonic scale

● escala musical

musical scale

C

(escalafón): la escala social the social scale

D

1 (de un mapa, plano) scale

un dibujo hecho a escala a scale drawing, a drawing done to scale

una reproducción a escala natural a life-size o life-sized reproduction

la maqueta reproduce el teatro a escala it's a scale model of the theater

2 (de un fenómeno, problema) scale

a escala nacional/mundial on a nationwide o national/on a worldwide scale

el negocio empezó a or en pequeña escala the business began on a small scale

todo lo hacen a or en gran escala they do everything on a large scale

es un ladrón en pequeña escala he's a small-time thief ( colloq)

E ( Aviac, Náut) stopover

tras una escala de tres horas en Atenas after a three-hour stopover in Athens

hicimos/el avión hizó escala en Roma we/the plane stopped over in Rome

un vuelo sin escalas a direct flight

la primera escala será Tánger the first port of call will be Tangiers

Compuesto:

escala técnica

refueling* stop

el aparato tuvo que hacer una escala técnica en París the plane had to make a refueling stop o to stop for refueling in Paris

F (escalera) ladder

Compuestos:

● escala de cuerda or de viento

rope ladder

● escala real

royal flush

● escala telescópica

extending ladder

* * *

Del verbo escalar: ( conjugate escalar)

escala es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
escala
escalar
escala sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) scale;
◊ escala centígrada/Fahrenheit centigrade o Celsius/Fahrenheit scale;

escala de valores set of values;
escala musical (musical) scale;
la escala social the social scale;
hecho a escala done to scale;
a gran escala on a large scale
2 (Aviac, Náut) stopover;
◊ hicimos escala en Roma we stopped over in Rome

escalar ( conjugate escalar) verbo transitivo ‹montaña/pared› to climb, scale;
(en jerarquía, clasificación) to climb (up)
verbo intransitivo (Dep) to climb, go climbing
escala sustantivo femenino
1 (serie, gradación) scale: la maqueta se realizó a escala, the model was made to scale
la escala decimal, decimal scale
2 (de colores) range
escala de valores, set of values
3 (parada provisional) Náut port of call
Av stopover: el avión hace escala en Barcelona, the plane stops over in Barcelona
escala técnica, refuelling stop
4 (escalera portátil) ladder, stepladder
5 (clasificación del personal de una empresa) position: subió de escala en la organización, he was promoted to a higher position in the company
6 (Mús) scale: tocó una escala muy alta, difícil de seguir con la voz, she played a very high scale which was difficult to sing
escalar
I verbo transitivo to climb, scale
II adjetivo Elec
♦ Locuciones: magnitud escalar, scalar quantitity
' escala' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bastante
- do
- fa
- la
- re
- sol
- abajo
- arriba
- descendente
- mayor
- modelo
- nivel
- tarifa
English:
call in
- full-scale
- grade
- kit
- ladder
- large-scale
- model
- nationally
- nationwide
- originate
- point
- port of call
- price range
- put in
- range
- Richter scale
- rise
- scale
- scale down
- sliding scale
- small-scale
- stop
- stop off
- stop over
- stopover
- wholesale
- country
- full
- global
- put
- rope
- sliding
- time

* * *

escala nf

1. [para medir, ordenar] scale;
[de colores] range; [de cargos militares] scale of ranks;
subió varios puestos en la escala social he climbed several rungs of the social ladder

Comp
escala Celsius Celsius (temperature) scale;
escala centígrada Celsius scale;

escala Fahrenheit Fahrenheit scale;
Informát escala de grises grayscale;
escala Kelvin Kelvin scale;
Mat escala logarítmica logarithmic scale;
escala de popularidad popularity stakes;

escala de Richter Richter scale;

escala salarial pay o salary scale;

escala de valores set of values

2. [de dibujo, mapa] scale;

un mapa a escala 1/3000 a 1/3000 scale map;

una reproducción a escala a scale model;

un dibujo a escala natural a life-size drawing

3. [de trabajo, plan, idea] scale;

pretenden crear una casa de discos a escala reducida they aim to set up a small-scale record company;

a escala nacional/mundial on a national/worldwide scale;

una ofensiva a gran escala a full-scale offensive

4. Mús scale;

la escala musical the musical scale

Comp
escala cromática chromatic scale;
escala diatónica diatonic scale

5. [en un vuelo] stopover;
[en un crucero] port of call;
un vuelo a Estambul con escala en Roma a flight to Istanbul with a stopover in Rome;

hacer escala (en) to stop over (in);

sin escala non-stop;

un vuelo sin escalas a non-stop flight

Comp
escala de repostaje refuelling stop;
escala técnica refuelling stop;

haremos escala técnica en Londres we will make a refuelling stop in London

6. [escalera] ladder

Comp
Náut escala de cuerda rope ladder; Náut escala de viento rope ladder
* * *

escala

f

1 tb
MÚS scale;
a escala to scale, life-sized;

a escala mundial on a world scale;

en o

a gran escala large-scale atr, on a large scale

2 AVIA stopover;

hacer escala en stop over in

* * *

escala nf

1) : scale

2) escalera: ladder

3) : stopover

* * *

escala n

1. (serie de cosas) scale

una escala de 1:50 a scale of of 1:50

2. (parada) stopover

hicimos escala en Lisboa we had a stopover in Lisbon

escala musical scale

Spanish-English dictionary > escala
11 event

ɪˈvent
1. сущ.
1) а) событие;
мн. ход дел, ход событий Coming events cast their shadows before. ≈ Будущие события отбрасывают тень на настоящее. course of events Syn: incident б) происшествие, случай The juridical and theological dilemma in the event of one Siamese twin predeceasing the other. ≈ О юридической и богословской дилемме, возникающей в случае смерти одного из сиамских близнецов прежде другого (Дж. Джойс, "Улисс", эп. 14 "Быки солнца") an event occurs, takes place ≈ происходит/имеет место событие disastrous event ≈ ужасное событие dramatic event ≈ драматическое событие historical event ≈ историческое событие literary event ≈ литературное событие major event ≈ важное событие outstanding event ≈ знаменательное событие sensational event ≈ сенсация significant event ≈ важное событие spectacular event ≈ яркое событие sporting event ≈ спортивное событие tragic event ≈ трагическое происшествие at all events in any event in either event media event social event blessed event current events event horizon Syn: occurrence в) исход, результат, "конечный счет" The event of his enterprise was doubtful. ≈ Неясно было, чем кончится его предприятие. Syn: outcome, issue, consequence, result
2) а) спорт соревнование по определенному виду спорта б) спорт этап( в соревновании) It is being discussed now if and when China would hold the F1event. ≈ В данный момент обсуждается, проводить ли этап Формулы 1 в Китае, и если проводить, то когда.
3) специальные термины а) тех. такт в двигателе внутреннего сгорания) б) физ. ядерное превращение (также в варианте nuclear event)
2. гл.
1) принимать участие в скачках (о лошади) Gelding, 6 years, evented. ≈ Мерин, 6 лет, выступал.
2) регистрировать лошадь на скачки
3) быть жокеем той или иной лошади на данных скачках When she was only thirteen she was eventing with a horse called Foxtrot. ≈ Когда ей было всего тринадцать, она уже выступала на лошади по кличке Фокстрот. событие, важное явление;
значительный факт - international *s международные события - the happy * счастливое событие (преим. рождение ребенка, свадьба) - seismic * сейсмическое явление - quite an * целое событие - a train /chain/ of *s цепь событий - the course of human *s ход развития человечества - in the natural course of *s при нормальном развитии событий случай - in the * of в случае (чего-л.) - in the * of his death в случае его смерти - at all *s во всяком случае - in either * и в том и другом случае - in any * так или иначе, в любом случае - in that * в таком случае - in no * ни в коем случае мероприятие (прием, вечер, зрелище и т. п.) - social * неофициальная встреча, встреча друзей - formal * официальное мероприятие (заседание и т. п.) - musical and theatrical *s музыкальные и театральные выступления;
концерты и спектакли (спортивное) соревнование - combined *s комбинированные соревнования - jumping * соревнование по прыжкам;
прыжки на лыжах - throwing * соревнование по метанию (спортивное) вид спорта( спортивное) номер в программе состязания исход, результат - in the * как оказалось - to be unhappy in the * в конечном счете потерпеть неудачу (кинематографический) эпизод( техническое) такт (двигателя внутреннего сгорания) (физическое) ядерное превращение (тж. nuclear *) (коммерческое) распродажа по сниженным ценам авария или разрушение ядерного реактора (на атомной электростанции) (физическое) событие, (элементарный) акт > to be wise after the * поздно догадаться;
задним умом крепок abandoned ~ вчт. отвергнутое событие annual ~ ежегодное мероприятие antithetical ~s несовместные события ~ случай, происшествие;
in the event of his death в случае его смерти;
at all events во всяком случае;
in any (или in either) event так или иначе certain ~ вчт. достоверное событие complementary ~ вчт. дополняющее событие compound ~ вчт. сложное событие damaging ~ причинение ущерба dangling ~ вчт. висячее событие data ~ control block вчт. блок управления событием данных definite ~ вчт. определенное событие desired ~ вчт. благоприятное событие disjoint ~ вчт. несовместное событие dummy ~ вчт. фиктивное событие end ~ вчт. конечное событие endogenous ~ вчт. внутреннее событие event исход, результат;
his plan was unhappy in the event в конечном результате его план потерпел неудачу ~ исход, результат ~ исход ~ номер (в программе состязаний) ~ происшествие ~ результат ~ случай, событие ~ случай, происшествие;
in the event of his death в случае его смерти;
at all events во всяком случае;
in any (или in either) event так или иначе ~ случай ~ событие;
the course of events ход событий;
quite an event целое, настоящее событие ~ вчт. событие ~ событие ~ соревнование по определенному виду спорта ~ тех. такт (двигателя внутреннего сгорания) ~ явление ~ физ. ядерное превращение (тж. nuclear event) ~ of default случай невыполнения обязательств fault ~ вчт. проявление неисправности fortuitous ~ случай fortuitous ~ случайное событие harmful ~ опасное событие event исход, результат;
his plan was unhappy in the event в конечном результате его план потерпел неудачу important ~ важное событие impossible ~ вчт. невозможное событие ~ случай, происшествие;
in the event of his death в случае его смерти;
at all events во всяком случае;
in any (или in either) event так или иначе ~ случай, происшествие;
in the event of his death в случае его смерти;
at all events во всяком случае;
in any (или in either) event так или иначе initial ~ вчт. начальное событие injurious ~ опасное событие insured ~ застрахованное событие interrupt ~ вчт. событие вызывающее прерывание media ~ событие, отражаемое средствами массовой информации national ~ событие государственного значения natural ~ естественное событие observable ~ вчт. наблюдаемое событие preceding ~ вчт. предшествующее событие predecessor ~ вчт. предшествующее событие purely random ~ чисто случайное событие ~ событие;
the course of events ход событий;
quite an event целое, настоящее событие random ~ вчт. случайное событие restraint ~ вчт. условное событие start ~ вчт. начальное событие subsequent ~ последующее событие succeeding ~ вчт. конечное событие successor ~ вчт. последующее событие sure ~ вчт. достоверное событие terminating ~ вчт. событие окончания (задачи) uncertain ~ недостоверное событие undesired ~ неблагоприятное событие unforeseen ~ непредвиденное событие war ~ военное событие war-like ~ событие, подобное военному work accomplishment ~ вчт. конечное событие

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > event
12 run

1. [rʌn] n
I

1. 1) бег, пробег

at a run - бегом [см. тж. ♢ ]

to come up at a run - подбежать

to cross exposed areas at a run - воен. преодолевать открытые участки перебежками

on the run - а) на ходу, в движении; to be on the run all day - быть весь день в бегах; б) второпях; [см. тж. 2) и 3)]

to keep smb. on the run - а) не давать кому-л. остановиться; б) не давать кому-л. покоя

to break into a run - побежать, пуститься бегом

to make a run for it - а) броситься куда-л. со всех ног; б) сделать перебежку куда-л. (под пулями и т. п.)

he took a short run and cleared the fence - он разбежался и перепрыгнул через забор

there was no run left in me - я больше не мог /у меня больше не было сил/ бежать

2) бегство; беспорядочное отступление

to be on the run - поспешно отступать, бежать [см. тж. 1) и 3)]

we have the enemy on the run - мы обратили врага в бегство

to keep the enemy on the run - воен. не давать противнику закрепляться ( в ходе преследования)

3) побег; нахождение в бегах

the criminal was on the run - преступник был в бегах [см. тж. 1) и 2)]

he is on the run from the police - он скрывается /бегает/ от полиции

4) короткая прогулка (пешком, на лошади и т. п.); пробежка

to go for a run - а) пробежаться; б) проехаться (в автомобиле, на лошади и т. п.)

to go for a short run before breakfast - а) немного пробежаться /сделать небольшую пробежку/ перед завтраком; б) совершить небольшую (автомобильную, верховую и т. п.) прогулку перед завтраком

to give smb. a run - дать пробежаться

I was giving my dog a run in the park - я пустил свою собаку побегать в парке

2. короткая поездка

a run to Paris - кратковременная поездка в Париж

good run! - счастливого пути!

3. рейс, маршрут

ship's run - маршрут /рейс/ корабля

the boat was taken off its usual run - судно было снято со своего обычного рейса

the milkman has finished his run - разносчик молока всех обслужил

4. 1) переход

trial run - испытательный пробег [см. тж. II 1]

a day's run - день пути

it is a quick run from Glasgow - это недалеко от Глазго

it is a two hour's run from London - это находится в двух часах езды от Лондона

2) ж.-д. перегон, прогон

3) ав. полёт; перелёт

we had a good run - полёт проходил хорошо

5. 1) пройденное расстояние; отрезок пути

2) ж.-д. пробег (локомотива, вагона)

3) ав. отрезок трассы

6. ав. пробег ( при посадке); разбег ( при взлёте)

7. 1) тропа ( проложенная животными)

a buffalo run - буйволова тропа

2) колея ( след от транспорта)

8. период, отрезок ( времени), полоса

a run of success [of good luck] - полоса успеха [везения /удачи/]

a run of ill luck - несчастливая полоса, полоса невезения

a long run of power - долгое пребывание у власти

to have a long run - долго идти (на сцене)

the play had a short run - эта пьеса шла недолго

9. 1) направление

the run of the mountains is S.W. - горы тянутся на юго-запад

2) геол. направление рудной жилы

10. партия ( изделий)

11. тираж (книги и т. п.)

a run of three thousand (copies) - тираж в три тысячи (экземпляров)

12. спорт. ( в крикете и бейсболе)

1) единица счёта

2) перебежка

to make six runs - сделать шесть перебежек

3) очко за перебежку

13. 1) стадо ( животных)

2) стая ( птиц)

3) косяк ( рыбы)

14. карт. ряд, серия

a run of cards - карты одной масти, идущие подряд по достоинству; «стрит» ( в покере)

a run of three - три карты одной масти подряд

15. средний тип, сорт или разряд

the general run of smth. - что-л. обычное /среднее/

an ordinary run of cloth - обыкновенный /стандартный/ сорт ткани

the common /general, ordinary/ run of men - обыкновенные люди

out of the run - необыкновенный, из ряда вон выходящий, незаурядный

above the ordinary run of mankind - необыкновенный, незаурядный

not like the common run of girls - не такая, как все девушки

16. спрос

a run on rubber [on a book] - большой спрос на резину [на книгу]

to have a general run - пользоваться широким спросом

the book had a considerable run - книга пользовалась спросом; книга хорошо распродавалась

a run on the bank - ком. наплыв в банк требований о возвращении вкладов, массовое изъятие вкладов из банка

17. разг. разрешение, право пользоваться (чем-л.)

to have the run of smb.'s house - иметь право распоряжаться в чьём-л. доме

to give smb. the (free) run of one's house [books] - разрешить кому-л. (свободно, беспрепятственно) распоряжаться /пользоваться/ своим домом [своими книгами]

I had the run of a well-stocked library - в моём полном распоряжении оказалась богатая библиотека

18. 1) загон (для овец и т. п.)

2) вольер (для кур и т. п.)

3) австрал. пастбище, особ. овечье

4) австрал. скотоводческая ферма

19. амер. ручей, поток

20. 1) сильный прилив, приток (воды и т. п.)

2) амер. ток ( жидкости); истечение

the first run of the sugar maple - сок сахарного клёна первого сбора

21. уклон, трасса

22. обвал, оползень

23. труба, жёлоб, лоток ( для воды)

24. длина (провода, труб)

a 500 ft run of pipe - пятисотфутовый отрезок трубы; труба длиной в пятьсот футов

25. размер ( стиха)

26. 1) ход рыбы на нерест

2) нерестящаяся рыба

27. марш ( лестницы)

28. мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)

29. муз. рулада

II

1. ход, работа, действие (мотора, машины)

test /trial/ run - испытание (машины, оборудования и т. п.) [см. тж. I 4, 1)]

an experimental run to test the machinery - опытный /пробный/ запуск агрегата

2. течение, ход (событий и т. п.)

the run of the disease - ход /течение/ болезни

the usual /ordinary/ run of things - обычное положение вещей

the run of the market - ком. общая тенденция рыночных цен

3. демонстрирование, показ, просмотр (фильма, спектакля)

the first run of the film - премьера кинофильма, выпуск кинофильма на экран

4. провоз ( контрабанды)

5. ав. заход на цель (тж. bombing run)

to enter the run - начинать заход на цель

6. амер. спустившаяся петля ( на чулке)

7. серия ( измерений)

♢

at a run - подряд, один за другим [см. тж. I 1, 1)]

in the long run - в конце концов; в конечном счёте; в общем

to go with a run - ≅ идти как по маслу

to come down with a run - стремительно падать

prices [temperature] came down with a run - цены [температура] резко упали [упала]

to give smb. /to let smb. have/ a good run for his money - а) предоставить кому-л. все удовольствия на свете (обыкн. ирон.); б) заставить кого-л. побегать, поволноваться и т. п.

it's all in the day's run - это всё обычно, мы ко всему этому привыкли

the run of one's teeth - бесплатное питание (обыкн. за проделанную работу)
2. [rʌn] a
1. жидкий; расплавленный; растопленный

run butter - топлёное масло

2. вылитый в расплавленном состоянии; литой

run metal - литьё

3. отцеженный, отфильтрованный

run honey - чистый мёд ( отделённый от сот)

4. разг. контрабандный

5. нерестящийся

run fish - рыба, пришедшая в пресную воду на нерест

6. спец. мягкий

run coal - мягкий или сыпучий уголь; мягкий битуминозный уголь; рядовой уголь

7. диал. свернувшийся, скисший ( о молоке)
3. [rʌn] v (ran, run)
I

1. бежать, бегать

to run fast [slowly, as hard as one can, like a deer] — бегать быстро [медленно, изо всех сил, как олень]

to run a mile — пробежать милю [ср. тж. II А 6, 2)]

to run oneself out of breath — задохнуться от бега

to run up and down the stairs — бегать вверх и вниз по лестнице

to run upstairs — побежать наверх

to run down a hill — сбежать с холма

to run up and down the street — бегать взад и вперёд по улице

to run about the streets [the fields] — бегать /носиться/ по улицам [по полям]

to run across the street — перебежать (через) улицу

to run out of the room — выбегать из комнаты

to run at smb.'s heels — бежать рядом ( о собаке)

to run past smb. — пробежать мимо кого-л.

to run after smb. — а) бежать за кем-л.; run after him — беги за ним!, догони его!; б) ухаживать, «бегать» за кем-л.

to run after men — бегать за мужчинами

she is very much run after — за ней многие ухаживают

run after smth. — бежать за чем-л.

to run after a bus — бежать вдогонку за автобусом

to run for smb. — сбегать за кем-л.

run for the doctor! — беги за врачом!

to run to smb. for help — побежать к кому-л. за помощью

we ran to her aid — мы бросились к ней на помощь

she always runs to me in case of trouble — когда у неё неприятности, она всегда прибегает /обращается/ ко мне

I must run now — я должен уже бежать, мне пора (уходить)

2. гнать, подгонять

he ran me breathless /off my logs, off my feet/ — он меня совершенно загнал, он меня загнал до изнеможения

don't run me too fast — не гоните меня так быстро

to run cattle — гнать скот ( на пастбище)

3. убегать, спасаться бегством (тж. run away, run off)

to run from smb., smth. — убегать от кого-л., чего-л.

the enemy ran — враг обратился в бегство

to run for it — разг. удирать, спасаться, искать спасения в бегстве

to run for one's life /for dear life/ — разг. бежать /удирать/ изо всех сил

to run before the sea — мор. уходить от волны

to run out of range — воен. выходить за пределы досягаемости ( огня)

4. 1) двигаться, катиться, скользить

to run on rails — ходить /двигаться/ по рельсам

to run off the rails — а) сойти с рельсов (о поезде, трамвае); б) сбиться с пути (праведного); в) ≅ с катушек долой

to run past a signal — проскочить светофор

motor-cars run along ordinary roads — автомобили ездят по обычным дорогам

sledges run on snow — сани скользят по снегу

the ball ran past the hole — мяч покатился мимо лунки ( в гольфе)

the drawer doesn't run easily — ящик плохо выдвигается

the ship ran before the wind — а) корабль плыл с попутным ветром; б) мор. корабль шёл на фордевинд

life runs smoothly for her — её жизнь течёт гладко /спокойно/

2) амер. разг. катать в автомобиле (кого-л.)

5. 1) ходить, следовать, курсировать, плавать

to run from Moscow to St Petersburg — следовать из Москвы в Санкт-Петербург

to run every three minutes [daily] — ходить каждые три минуты [ежедневно]

to run behind schedule — опаздывать, отставать от расписания

to run on a regular service — совершать регулярные рейсы

the trains aren't running — поезда не ходят

the traffic runs day and night here — здесь круглосуточное движение

this bus runs between Chicago and New York — этот автобус курсирует между Чикаго и Нью-Йорком

to run straight for — мор. идти прямо в

to run off the course — мор. сбиваться с курса

to run in with the shore — мор. идти вдоль берега

2) двигаться, идти ( с определённой скоростью)

this train runs at 50 miles an hour — этот поезд делает /идёт со скоростью/ пятьдесят миль в час

we run from forty to fifty miles a day — мы проходим /делаем/ от сорока до пятидесяти миль в день

3) съездить (куда-л.) на короткий срок

to run up to town (for a day or two) — съездить в город (обыкн. в Лондон) (на день-два)

to run up and visit smb. — съездить к кому-л. погостить

she ran up from Dorking almost daily — она почти каждый день ездила из Доркинга (в Лондон)

to run down to the country — съездить в деревню /в провинцию/ (обыкн. из Лондона)

to run over to Paris — съездить (ненадолго) в Париж

4) ав. совершать пробег, разбег

5) ав. заходить на цель

6. 1) бежать, лететь, протекать ( о времени)

time runs fast — время бежит /летит/

his life had only a few hours to run — ему оставалось жить всего несколько часов

2) идти, происходить (о событиях и т. п.)

things must run their course — надо предоставить события их естественному ходу

the war was running its appointed course — война шла своим чередом

7. проноситься, мелькать

thoughts run in /through/ one's head [mind] — мысли мелькают /проносятся/ в голове [в уме]

this tune runs in my head — эта мелодия всё время звучит у меня в ушах

8. (быстро) распространяться

a rumour ran through the town — по городу разнёсся /распространился, пополз/ слух

the news ran like wildfire /like lightning/ — новость распространилась с молниеносной быстротой

a murmur ran through the ranks — ропот пробежал /прокатился/ по рядам

the fire ran through the building — огонь охватил всё здание

a cheer ran down the line — возгласы одобрения /крики ура/ прокатились по строю

a cold shiver ran down his spine — холодная дрожь пробежала у него по спине

the pain ran up his arm — он почувствовал острую боль в руке

I felt the blood running to my head — я почувствовал, как кровь ударила /бросилась/ мне в голову

9. 1) тянуться, простираться, расстилаться

to run north and south — тянуться /простираться/ на север и на юг

the road runs across the plain — дорога проходит по равнине

the road runs up the hill — дорога идёт в гору

a river that runs 200 miles — река протяжённостью в двести миль

under the hill ran a deep ravine — у подножия холма лежало глубокое ущелье

this line runs from... to... — этот маршрут проходит от... до..., эта линия соединяет...

new streets will run here — здесь будут новые улицы

down the centre ran a long table — в середине находился длинный стол

a scar runs across his cheek — у него шрам во всю щёку

2) ползти, виться ( о растениях)

a vine runs over the porch — крыльцо увито виноградом

a rambling rose ran all over the wall — роза оплетала всю стену

10. проводить, прокладывать

to run a fence round a house — обнести дом забором

to run boundary lines (on a map) — проводить границы (на карте)

to run a contour — обвести контур

to run a parallel (too far) — проводить (слишком далёкие) параллели

11. 1) быть действительным на определённый срок

this contract runs for seven years — этот контракт действителен на семь лет

this bill ran thirty days — этот вексель был сроком на 30 дней

this agreement has two years to run — это соглашение действительно ещё на два года

2) распространяться на определённую территорию, действовать на определённой территории

the King's laws do not run here — королевские законы на эту местность не распространяются

so far as British justice runs — там, где действует британское правосудие

3) иметь хождение ( о деньгах)

4) сопровождать в качестве непременного условия

a right-of-way that runs with the land — земля, через которую проходит полоса отчуждения (шоссе и т. п.)

12. 1) течь, литься, сочиться, струиться

to run with sweat — взмокнуть (от пота)

this river runs smoothly — эта река течёт плавно /спокойно/

rivers run into the sea — реки впадают в море

the water is running into the bath — вода льётся в ванну

wait till the water runs hot — подожди, пока не пойдёт горячая вода

blood runs in veins — кровь течёт по жилам

blood ran in torrents — кровь текла /лилась/ ручьём

till the blood ran — пока не потекла /не показалась/ кровь

tears ran down her cheeks — слёзы текли /катились/ по её щекам /лицу/

her eyes ran with tears — её глаза наполнились слезами; из её глаз потекли слёзы

the floor was running with water — пол был залит водой

the kettle is beginning to run — чайник закипает /льётся через край/

water ran off his raincoat — с его плаща стекала вода

the scolding ran off him like water off a duck's back — его ругают, а с него как с гуся вода

2) протекать, течь

this tap [barrel, pen] runs — этот кран [бочонок, эта ручка] течёт

his nose was running, he was running at the nose — у него текло из носу

his eyes run — у него слезятся /гноятся/ глаза

an ulcer that runs — кровоточащая язва

3) разливаться, расплываться

the wine ran (all) over the table — вино растеклось по (всему) столу

this ink does not run — эти чернила не расплываются

4) таять, течь

the ice-cream is beginning to run — мороженое начинает таять

the butter ran — масло растаяло

the candle ran — свеча оплыла

the wax melted and ran — воск растаял и оплыл

5) (into) сливаться, переходить (во что-л.)

to run into one — сливаться, объединяться воедино

to run into one another — переходить один в другой, сливаться в одно

the colours ran into one another — цвета переходили один в другой

days ran into weeks — из дней складывались недели

the rooms ran one into the other — комнаты были проходными

13. лить, наливать

to run water into a glass — налить воду в стакан

to run water into a bath-tub — наливать воду в ванну, напускать ванну

streets run blood — улицы были залиты кровью

14. 1) вращаться

a wheel [a spindle] runs — колесо [шпиндель] вращается

to run (up)on an axis — а) вращаться вокруг оси; б) вращаться на оси

2) (on, upon) касаться (какой-л. темы и т. п.)

his mind kept running on the problem — его мысли всё время вертелись вокруг этой проблемы; он всё время думал об этой проблеме

our talk /the conversation/ ran on recent events — мы всё время говорили /разговор шёл/ о недавних событиях

the whole argument runs on this point — этот момент является центральным в споре

3) (over) касаться, слегка дотрагиваться до (чего-л.)

her fingers ran over the keys of the piano — её пальцы пробежали по клавишам рояля

15. гласить

this clause runs — этот пункт гласит

her telegram runs — в её телеграмме говорится

the letter ran thus — в письме было изложено следующее

the story runs that (the bank will close) — говорят, что (банк закроется)

the proverb runs like this — вот как звучит эта пословица, эта пословица гласит

I forget how the poem runs — я не могу точно припомнить это стихотворение

16. проходить; преодолевать ( препятствие)

to run a blockade — прорывать блокаду

to run the guard — проходить незамеченным мимо часового

to run rapids — преодолевать пороги, проходить через пороги

17. линять

colour that does not run — нелинючая краска

18. амер., австрал. дразнить (кого-л.), приставать (к кому-л.), дёргать (кого-л.)

19. стр. покрывать штукатуркой

to run a moulding — вытягивать карниз шаблоном

II А

1. руководить (учреждением и т. п.); вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.)

to run a business — вести дело, управлять предприятием

to run a factory — управлять фабрикой, быть управляющим на фабрике

to run a theatre — руководить театром, быть директором театра

to run the external affairs of the state — руководить внешней политикой государства

to run the house (for smb.) — вести (чьё-л.) хозяйство

to run the show — разг. заправлять (чем-л.)

who is running the show? — разг. кто здесь главный?

he is run by his secretary — он под башмаком у своего секретаря

she runs the household — она ведёт хозяйство

it is being run as a commercial enterprise — это дело ведётся на коммерческой основе

2. 1) управлять ( автомобилем); водить (автобус и т. п.)

to run the engine — запускать двигатель /мотор/

I run this machine — я работаю на этой машине

to run a steamer — водить пароход

to run a ship to New York — вести корабль в Нью-Йорк

to run a car into a garage [off the road] — поставить автомобиль в гараж [съехать на обочину]

2) водить корабль без конвоя ( во время войны)

3. ставить ( опыт); производить ( испытания)

he will run this experiment — он поставит этот опыт

to run (the) trials — мор. а) производить ходовые испытания; б) проходить ходовые испытания

4. работать, действовать ( о машине)

to leave the engine running — не выключать мотора

the motor runs smoothly [very nice] — мотор работает ровно /спокойно/ [хорошо]

you mustn't let the machine run free /idle/ — ты не должен допускать, чтобы машина работала вхолостую /на холостом ходу/

an engine that runs at a very high speed — мотор, работающий на больших скоростях

5. 1) пускать ( линию); открывать (трассу, сообщение)

an express train runs between these cities — между этими городами ходит поезд /есть железнодорожное сообщение/

2) отправлять (автобусы и т. п.) на линию, по маршруту

to run a bus every three minutes — отправлять автобус через каждые три минуты

to run extra trains during the rush hours — пускать дополнительные поезда в часы пик

6. 1) проводить (соревнования, бега, скачки; тж. run off)

the Derby was run in a snowstorm — дерби проводилось во время снегопада

we are running a competition to find new dancers — мы проводим конкурс, чтобы выявить новых танцоров

2) участвовать (в соревнованиях, в беге, в скачках)

to run (in) a race — участвовать в соревнованиях по бегу или в скачках

to run (a race over) a mile — участвовать в беге на одну милю [ср. тж. I 1]

the cup will be run for tomorrow — завтра будут проводиться соревнования на кубок

3) занимать место (в соревнованиях и т. п.)

to run second [third] — прийти вторым [третьим]

my horse ran last — моя лошадь пришла последней /заняла последнее место/

also ran — также участвовала (в соревнованиях и т. п. — о лошадях), но не заняла призового места [см. тж. ♢ ]

7. 1) демонстрировать, показывать (пьесу, фильм)

we ran this play six times — мы показали эту пьесу 6 раз

2) идти (о пьесе, фильме)

the play has been running for a year — эта пьеса идёт (уже) год

the film runs for nearly 21/2 hours — фильм идёт почти два с половиной часа

8. 1) перевозить, транспортировать ( груз)

to run a cargo of coffee — перевозить груз кофе

to run smb. into London — отвезти кого-л. в Лондон

2) провозить контрабандой

to run liquor [drugs, arms] — нелегально /контрабандой/ провозить спиртные напитки [наркотики, оружие]

9. 1) преследовать, травить (зверя и т. п.)

to run a stag — преследовать оленя

to run a fox five miles — гнать лису 5 миль

to run a scent — идти по следу

to run to earth — а) загнать в нору; б) скрыться в нору; в) выследить; найти, обнаружить; настигнуть; I was run to earth by Ben — Бен еле-еле разыскал меня; to run a quarry to earth — настичь, жертву; г) спрятаться, притаиться

he ran the rumour to its source — он докопался до источника этого слуха

2) преследовать ( по суду)

10. подвергаться (риску, опасности)

to run risks /hazards, chances/ — рисковать

you run no risk of meeting him — тебе не грозит опасность встретить его

we ran a chance of getting no dinner — мы могли /нам грозило, мы рисковали/ остаться без обеда

you run the danger of being suspected of theft — есть опасность, что вас заподозрят в краже

11. печатать, опубликовывать, помещать (в газете, журнале)

to run a story on the third page — помещать /давать/ рассказ на третьей странице

12. 1) баллотироваться ( на пост)

to run in an election — баллотироваться на выборах

to run for parliament [for office, for president] — баллотироваться в парламент [на (какую-л.) должность, на пост президента]

2) выставлять ( кандидатуру)

to run a candidate — выставлять /выдвигать/ кандидата

who(m) will the Republicans run against the Democratic candidate? — кого выставят республиканцы против кандидата (от) демократической партии?

13. выполнять ( поручение)

to run errands — а) выполнять поручения; б) быть на посылках, на побегушках

to run messages — быть посыльным, разносить телеграммы и т. п.

14. болтать; распускать ( язык)

how your tongue runs — как ты (много) болтаешь

15. спускаться ( о петле)

silk stockings run — на шёлковых чулках спускаются петли

her stocking ran — у неё на чулке спустилась петля

16. смётывать (платье и т. п.); сшить на скорую руку (тж. to run up)

17. идти ( на нерест)

the salmon runs every year — сёмга нерестится каждый год

18. 1) плавить ( металл)

2) лить, отливать ( металл)

19. отставать ( о коре деревьев)

20. ударить ( по шару), покатить ( шар — в биллиарде)

21. диал.

1) скисать, свёртываться ( о молоке)

2) квасить, приводить к свёртыванию ( молоко)

II Б

1. to run across smb., smth. случайно встретить кого-л., что-л., случайно встретиться с кем-л., чем-л.; натолкнуться на кого-л., что-л.

I ran across him in the street — я случайно встретился /столкнулся/ с ним на улице

I ran across this quotation in a dictionary — эта цитата попалась мне в словаре

2. to run against smth. наталкиваться, налетать, наскакивать на что-л., сталкиваться с чем-л.

to run against a rock — наскочить на скалу, удариться о скалу

to run (up) against difficulties — столкнуться с трудностями

this runs against my interests — это идёт вразрез с моими интересами

3. to run against smb. идти, действовать, выступать против кого-л.

the statute runs against him — закон против него

4. to run smth. against smth. столкнуть что-л. с чем-л.; стукнуть что-л. обо что-л.

to run one's head against a wall — а) стукнуться головой о стену; б) прошибать лбом стену

5. to run smb., smth. against smb. выдвигать кого-л., что-л. против кого-л.

6. to run at smb., smth. нападать, набрасываться, накидываться на кого-л., что-л.

to run at smth. with a knife — броситься на кого-л. с ножом

to run at the railings — налететь на ограду

she ran at Laurie and gave him a squeeze — она бросилась к Лори и обняла его

7. to run into smth.

1) налетать, наскакивать, наталкиваться на что-л., сталкиваться с чем-л.

to run into a wall [into a tree, into a boulder] — налететь на стену [на дерево, на камень]

to run into a gale — мор. попасть в шторм

climbing higher, we ran into thick mist — поднявшись выше, мы попали в густой туман /оказались в густом тумане/

2) попадать в какое-л. положение

to run into debt — залезть в долги

to run into danger [into mischief, into trouble] — попасть в опасное положение [в беду]

we ran into a surprise — нас ожидал сюрприз

we expect to run into a few snags before the machine is ready for production — вполне возможно, что прежде чем машина будет готова к запуску в производство, в ней обнаружатся некоторые недоделки

3) достигать определённого количества, исчисляться определённой суммой

to run into thousands — исчисляться тысячами

the damages ran into thousands — компенсация за убытки исчислялась тысячами /достигала нескольких тысяч/ (фунтов)

the book ran into six editions — книга выдержала шесть изданий

the ship runs into so many tons displacement — мор. корабль имеет водоизмещение, достигающее стольких-то тонн

8. to run into smb. случайно встретить кого-л., столкнуться с кем-л.

to run into an old friend — случайно встретить старого друга

to run slap into smb. — разг. налететь на кого-л., столкнуться лицом к лицу с кем-л.

9. to run smth., smb. into smth.

1) втыкать, вгонять, вонзать что-л. во что-л.

to run a splinter into one's finger — загнать занозу в палец

2) вводить, ставить; кого-л. в что-л.

to run smb. into expense — ввести кого-л. в расход

to run smb. into difficulties — поставить кого-л. в трудное положение

10. to run smth., smb. into smth., smb. столкнуть что-л., кого-л. с чем-л., кем-л.; заставить что-л., кого-л. налететь, наскочить, натолкнуться на что-л., на кого-л.

they ran him into the barb-wire fence — они загнали его на забор из колючей проволоки

he lost control of the car and ran it into a lamp-post — он потерял управление и врезался в фонарный столб

he ran me into a cop — из-за него я нарвался на полицейского

11. to run on smth. = to run upon smth.

12. to run out of smth. истощать запас чего-л.; иссякать (о запасах и т. п.)

we've run out of typing paper — у нас кончилась бумага для машинки

to run out of ammunition — воен. израсходовать боеприпасы

to run out of altitude — ав. терять высоту полёта

13. to run smth. over smth., smb. проводить чем-л. по чему-л., кому-л.

to run an iron over a cloth — провести утюгом по скатерти

to run one's hand [fingers] (down [up]) over his face [her] — провести рукой [пальцами] (вниз [вверх]) по его лицу [по ней]

to run an eye over smth., smb. — окинуть взглядом, бегло осмотреть что-л., кого-л.

he ran a rapid eye over the papers — он бросил быстрый взгляд на бумаги /газеты/, он быстро пробежал глазами бумаги /газеты/

14. to run smth. through smth. продевать, пропускать что-л. через что-л.

to run a thread through an eyelet — продеть нитку в ушко /в петлю/

to run one's fingers [a comb] through one's [smb.'s] hair — провести пальцами [расчёской] по своим [по чьим-л.] волосам

to run a pen [a pencil] through smth. — зачеркнуть /прочеркнуть, перечеркнуть/ что-л. ручкой [карандашом]

15. to run smth. through smb., to run smb. through with smth. пронзать, прокалывать кого-л. чем-л.

to run a sword through smb., to run smb. through with a sword — проколоть /проткнуть, пронзить/ кого-л. шпагой

16. to run through smth.

1) бегло прочитывать /просматривать/ что-л.

to run through the text [papers] — бегло /быстро/ просмотреть текст /бумаги/

2) разг. повторять (особ. вкратце)

I'll just run through the main points of the subject — разрешите вкратце напомнить главные разделы этой темы

would you mind running through your proposals? — пожалуйста, перечислите вкратце ваши предложения

3) репетировать

I'd like to run you through that scene you have with Ophelia — я бы хотел повторить вашу сцену с Офелией

4) тратить

to run through money /fortune/ — промотать деньги /состояние/

17. to run over smth.

1) бегло просматривать, пробегать (что-л. глазами)

to run over a text [one's part, the names] — просматривать текст [свою роль, список имён]

2) повторять

to run over one's part — повторить свою роль

we shall run it over together — мы повторим это вместе

3) репетировать; прослушивать актёра, читающего роль

just run over my lines with me before the rehearsal begins — пожалуйста, послушайте мою роль, пока ещё не началась репетиция (всей пьесы)

18. to run to smth.

1) тяготеть к чему-л., иметь склонность к чему-л.

to run to fat — а) быть предрасположенным к полноте; б) разг. толстеть, жиреть; в) превращаться в жир

to run to sentiment — а) быть склонным к сентиментальности; б) быть сентиментальным

to run to extremes — впадать в крайность

to run to any length /to anything/ — пойти на что угодно

to run to forgery — пойти на подделку (подписи, документов)

it won't run to that — до этого не дойдёт

they run to big noses in that family — в этом семействе много носатых

2) достигать (суммы, цифры)

the increase may run to ten thousand pounds — увеличение может достигнуть суммы в десять тысяч фунтов

that will run to a pretty penny — это влетит /встанет/ в копеечку

the book runs to over 300 pages — в книге более трёхсот страниц

3) хватать, быть достаточным

the money won't run to a car — этих денег не хватит на машину

our fund won't run to a summer holiday — наших денег не хватит на летний отдых

I can't run to that — я не могу себе этого позволить

19. to run (up)on smth. неожиданно, внезапно встретиться с чем-л., натолкнуться, наскочить на что-л.

to run (up)on a rock — наскочить на скалу

to run (up)on rocks — а) потерпеть крушение; б) натолкнуться на непреодолимые препятствия

to run on a mine — мор. наскочить на мину

20. to run smth. (up)on smth. натолкнуть на что-л., заставить наехать на что-л.

to run a ship (up)on a reef — посадить корабль на рифы

21. to run smb. up /over, down/ to some place отвезти кого-л. куда-л.

to run smb. up to town — отвезти кого-л. в город (обыкн. в Лондон)

I could run you down to Dorking — я мог бы отвезти вас в Доркинг

22. to run with smb. преим. амер. общаться с кем-л.; водить компанию с кем-л.

he ran with a wild crowd when he was young — в молодости он водил дружбу с гуляками

a ram running with ewes — баран, пасущийся с овечками

23. to run counter to smth. противоречить, идти вразрез с чем-л.

the situation runs counter to ordinary logic — эта ситуация несовместима с простой логикой

III А

как глагол-связка в составном именном сказуемом

1. становиться, делаться

to run cold — похолодеть

his blood ran cold — у него кровь застыла в жилах

to run dry — а) высыхать; the river ran dry — река высохла /пересохла/; б) выдыхаться, иссякать

my imagination ran dry — моё воображение истощилось, моя фантазия иссякла

to run high — а) подниматься ( о приливе); б) волноваться ( о море); the sea runs high — море волнуется; в) разгораться ( о страстях); passions /feelings/ ran high — страсти разгорались /бушевали/; г) возрастать ( о ценах)

the tide is running strong — вода быстро прибывает, прилив быстро поднимается

to run low — а) понижаться, опускаться; б) истощаться, иссякать, быть на исходе; кончаться

supplies ran low — запасы были на исходе /кончались/

his funds [stores] are running low — его фонды [запасы] подходят к концу

to run short — истощаться, подходить к концу

drinking water was running short — питьевая вода подходила к концу

I have run short of money, my money has run short — у меня кончились деньги, мне не хватило денег

we are running short of time — у нас остаётся мало времени

to run hot — нагреваться

to run mad — сходить с ума

to run wild — а) бурно разрастаться; the garden is running wild — сад зарастает; б) расти без присмотра; не получить образования; в) разойтись, разыграться; his imagination ran wild — его воображение разыгралось; г) не знать удержу, пуститься во все тяжкие

2. быть, являться

the apples [pears] run large /big/ this year — в этом году яблоки [груши] крупные

trout run to a good size — форель бывает крупная

they run in all shapes — они бывают разной формы /всех видов, всякие, разные/

prices run from ten shillings to a pound — цены колеблются от десяти шиллингов до одного фунта

to run in the blood /in the family/ — быть наследственным

it runs in his blood — это у него в крови

courage [the collecting spirit, fondness for music] runs in the family — храбрость [страсть к коллекционированию, любовь к музыке] — это у них семейное

3. иметь

to run (a) temperature — иметь (высокую) температуру

I think I am running a temperature — мне кажется, что у меня (поднимается) температура

to run a fever — лихорадить

he always runs a fever if he gets his feet wet — его всегда лихорадит, если он промочит ноги

♢

an also ran — неудачник [см. тж. II А 6, 3)]

to run the streets — быть беспризорником

to run riot см. riot I ♢

her report runs on different lines — её доклад построен по-другому

to run the show — распоряжаться; быть во главе; ≅ командовать парадом

to run false — идти наперерез ( при охоте на зверя)

to run smth. close — быть почти равным (по качеству и т. п.)

to run smb. close — а) быть чьим-л. опасным соперником; б) быть почти равным кому-л.

to run to cover — уйти от /избежать/ опасности; принять меры предосторожности

to cut and run — убегать; удирать, спасаться бегством; бежать со всех ног; улепётывать

to run foul (of) — а) мор. столкнуться ( с другим судном); б) ист. брать на абордаж; в) поссориться; вступить в конфликт

they ran foul of the law — они оказались в неладах с законом

to run oneself [smb.] into the ground — измотать себя [кого-л.]; совершенно измочалить себя (работой, спортом и т. п.)

to run smb. ragged см. ragged ♢

to run to seed см. seed I ♢

to run a mile (from) — бегать от кого-л.; изо всех сил избегать кого-л.

he was a bore whom everyone ran a mile from — он был занудой, от которого все старались избавиться

to run it /things/ fine — иметь в обрез (времени, денег)

to run out of steam см. steam I 3

to run rings round см. ring1 I ♢

to run before the hounds — забегать вперед, опережать события

to run the wrong hare — просчитаться, ошибиться в расчётах; пойти по ложному следу

to run aground — мор. а) сесть или посадить на мель; to run a ship aground — посадить корабль на мель; б) выбрасываться на берег

to run ashore — мор. выбрасываться на берег; приткнуться к берегу

to run a line [a rope] ashore — передать /бросить/ конец [трос] на берег

to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds — посл. ≅ служить и нашим и вашим; вести двойную игру

he who runs may read — посл. всякий поймёт, всякому доступно /понятно/ (о чём-л. лёгком, доступном для понимания)

НБАРС > run
13 Psychoanalysis

   1) The Ego Is Not Even Master in Its Own House

   [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)

   2) Methodological Problems of Psychoanalysis

   Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)

   3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations

   here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)

   4) The Problem of Verifying Psychoanalytic Theory

   Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)

   5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History

   Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)

   6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis

   In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)

   7) Major Attributes of Psychoanalysis

   [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]

   1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.

   2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.

   3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)

   8) The Scientific and Rational Are Not Co- extensive

   Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)

   9) The Validity of Psychoanalytic Therapy

   Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)

    10) The Issues of Inference and Evidence in Psychoanalysis

   The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
14 free

free [fri:]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

2. adverb

3. transitive verb

4. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

   a. [person, animal, country] libre

• he managed to get free il a réussi à se libérer

• to go free [prisoner] être relâché

• to set a prisoner free libérer un prisonnier

• they had to cut the driver free from the wreckage ils ont dû désincarcérer le conducteur du véhicule accidenté

• to have a free hand to do sth avoir carte blanche pour faire qch

• he was free to refuse il était libre de refuser

• you're free to choose vous êtes libre de choisir

• I will be free at 2 o'clock je serai libre à 14 heures

• it's a free country! on est en république ! (inf)

• to be/get free of sb être débarrassé/se débarrasser de qn

• is this seat free? est-ce que cette place est libre ?

► to feel free to do sth

• please feel free to ask questions n'hésitez pas à poser des questions

• a school where children feel free to express themselves une école où les enfants se sentent libres de s'exprimer

• can I borrow your pen? -- feel free (inf) est-ce que je peux vous emprunter votre stylo ? -- je vous en prie► free from or of ( = without)

to be free from responsibility être dégagé de toute responsabilité

• to be free of pain ne pas souffrir

• a world free of nuclear weapons un monde sans armes nucléaires

• the elections have been free of violence les élections se sont déroulées sans violence

   b. ( = costing nothing) [object, ticket] gratuit

• "free mug with each towel" « une chope gratuite pour tout achat d'une serviette »

• admission free entrée f libre

• delivery free livraison f gratuite

• as a free gift en cadeau

• free sample échantillon m gratuit

• there's no such thing as a free lunch tout se paie

   c. ( = lavish) généreux

• to be free with one's money dépenser son argent sans compter

• you're very free with your advice (ironic) vous êtes particulièrement prodigue de conseils (ironique)

2. adverb

   a. ( = without payment) [give, get, travel] gratuitement

   b. ( = without restraint) [run about] en liberté

   c. ( = expressing release) to pull free se dégager

• to wriggle free [person] se libérer en se tortillant

3. transitive verb

   a. ( = liberate) [+ nation, slave, caged animal, prisoner] libérer ; [+ person] (from wreckage) dégager ; (from burden) soulager

   b. ( = untie) [+ person, animal] détacher

4. compounds

► free agent noun

• to be a free agent avoir toute liberté d'action ► Free Church noun (British) église f non-conformiste adjective

non-conformiste

► free climbing noun escalade f libre

► free(-)diving noun plongée f libre

► free enterprise noun libre entreprise f

► free-enterprise economy noun économie f de marché

► free fall noun chute f libre

• to go into free fall faire une chute libre ► free flight noun (in plane) vol m libre

► free-floating adjective (in water, space) qui flotte librement ; (figurative) [person] sans attaches

► free-for-all noun mêlée f générale

► free house noun (British) pub m (qui n'appartient pas à une chaîne)

► free kick noun (Sport) coup m franc

► free-market economy noun économie f de marché

► free-marketeer noun partisan m de l'économie de marché

► free of charge adverb gratuitement

► free period noun heure f de permanence

► free radical noun radical m libre

► free-range chicken noun poulet m élevé en plein air

► free-range egg noun œuf m de poule élevée en plein air

► free speech noun liberté f de parole

► free spirit noun esprit m libre

► free-spirited adjective [person, ways] non conformiste

► free-standing adjective [furniture] non encastré

► free throw noun (US Sport) lancer m franc

► free-to-air adjective (TV) gratuit

► free trade noun libre-échange m

► free-trade zone noun zone f franche

► free vote noun vote m de conscience (sans consigne de vote)

► free will noun

• he did it of his own free will il l'a fait de son propre gré

* * *
[friː] 1.
noun (also free period) School ≈ heure f de libre
2.
adjective

1) (unhindered, unrestricted) [person, country, election, press, translation] libre (after n); [access, choice] libre (before n)

to be free to do — être libre de faire

to leave somebody free to do — laisser quelqu'un libre de faire

to feel free to do — ne pas hésiter à faire

to break free of ou from — se libérer de

to set somebody free from — libérer quelqu'un de

to be allowed free expression — pouvoir s'exprimer librement

I oiled the hinges to allow free movement — j'ai graissé les gonds pour faciliter le mouvement

2) ( not captive or tied) [person, limb] libre; [animal, bird] en liberté

one more tug and my shoe was free — un coup de plus et ma chaussure était dégagée

to set [somebody/something] free — libérer [person]; rendre la liberté à [animal]

to pull something free — dégager quelque chose

they had to cut the driver free (from his car) — on a dû couper la tôle de la voiture pour dégager le chauffeur

to break free — se libérer (de ses liens)

the boat broke free from ou of its moorings — le bateau a rompu ses amarres

3) ( devoid)

to be free from ou of somebody — être libéré de quelqu'un

free from ou of pollution — dépourvu de pollution

a day free from ou of interruptions — une journée sans interruptions

she was free from ou of any hatred — elle n'éprouvait aucune haine

this soup is free from ou of artificial colourings — cette soupe ne contient pas de colorants artificiels

4) ( costing nothing) gratuit

‘admission free’ — ‘entrée gratuite’

free gift — Commerce cadeau m

you can't expect a free ride — fig on n'a rien pour rien

5) ( not occupied) libre

are you free for lunch on Monday? — es-tu libre lundi pour déjeuner?

is this seat free? — cette place est-elle libre?

I'm trying to keep Tuesday free — j'essaie de garder mon mardi libre

6) (generous, lavish)

to be free with — être généreux/-euse avec [food]; être prodigue de [advice]

to be very free with money — dépenser sans compter

7) ( familiar) familier/-ière

8) Chemistry libre

9) Linguistics [form] non lié; [vowel, stress] libre
3.
adverb

1) ( at liberty) librement, en toute liberté

to go free — [hostage] être libéré; [criminal] circuler en toute liberté

2) ( without payment) gratuitement

children are admitted free — l'entrée est gratuite pour les enfants
4.
transitive verb

1) ( from captivity) libérer; ( from wreckage) dégager

to free somebody from — débarrasser quelqu'un de [prejudice]; décharger quelqu'un de [blame]; délivrer quelqu'un de [oppression, guilt]; soulager quelqu'un de [suffering]

2) ( make available) débloquer [money, resources]; libérer [person, hands]
5.
reflexive verb

to free oneself from — se dégager de [chains, wreckage]; se libérer de [influence]; se débarrasser de [burden]; se décharger de [blame]; se délivrer de [guilt]
6.
- free combining form

smoke/sugar-free — sans fumée/sucre

interest-free — Finance sans intérêt
7.
for free adverbial phrase gratuitement

••

to have a free hand — avoir carte blanche (in pour)

free as a bird ou the air — libre comme l'air

English-French dictionary > free
15 life

plural - lives; noun

1) (the quality belonging to plants and animals which distinguishes them from rocks, minerals etc and things which are dead: Doctors are fighting to save the child's life.) liv

2) (the period between birth and death: He had a long and happy life.) liv(sløp), levetid

3) (liveliness: She was full of life and energy.) liv, energi

4) (a manner of living: She lived a life of ease and idleness.) livsstil/-førsel

5) (the period during which any particular state exists: He had many different jobs during his working life.) liv

6) (living things: It is now believed that there may be life on Mars; animal life.) liv

7) (the story of a life: He has written a life of Churchill.) biografi, levnetsbeskrivelse

8) (life imprisonment: He was given life for murder.) livsvarig fengsel

•

- lifeless
- lifelike
- life-and-death
- lifebelt
- lifeboat
- lifebuoy
- life-cycle
- life expectancy
- lifeguard
- life-jacket
- lifeline
- lifelong
- life-saving
- life-sized
- life-size
- lifetime
- as large as life
- bring to life
- come to life
- for life
- the life and soul of the party
- not for the life of me
- not on your life!
- take life
- take one's life
- take one's life in one's hands
- to the life

biografi
--------
levetid
--------
liv

subst. (i flertall: lives) \/laɪf\/

1) liv, livet, menneskeliv

• how many lives were lost in the fire?

• is there human life on Mars after all?

er det mennesklig liv på Mars allikevel?

2) liv, livstid, livslengde, levealder, levetid, livsløp

• all my life

i hele mitt liv

• he told me his life story

han fortalte meg livshistorien sin

• he started singing early in life

han begynte å synge tidlig i livet

• what's the expected life of this engine?

hva er forventet levetid for denne motoren?

3) liv, tilværelse, levemåte, livsførsel

• lead a quiet life

føre en rolig tilværelse

• country life

livet på landet

• how's life?

hvordan har du det?

4) liv, liv og røre, aktivitet

• she is full of life

hun er full av liv

• a speech full of life

en levende tale

5) ( sport og spill) liv, sjanse, mulighet

6) biografi, levnetsbeskrivelse

• she liked reading the lives of great men

7) ( kunst) natur, levende modell, naturlig størrelse

• drawing from the life

tegning etter naturen \/ tegning etter levende modell

• study from the life

modellstudie

8) ( også life imprisonment) livstidsdom, fengsel på livstid, livstid

as if for (dear) life som om det gjelder livet

• they ran as if for life

de løp som om det gjaldt livet

be getting on in life eller be getting on in years begynne å bli gammel, begynne å dra på årene

be given life ( hverdagslig) bli dømt til livstid (i fengsel)

bring\/recall to life få liv i, gjenopplive

carry one's life in one's hands våge livet, sette livet på spill

come into life få liv, bli til, bli født

come to life kvikne til, komme til seg selv, komme til bevissthet bli levende, komme til live (igjen)

• then he suddenly came to life

da ble det plutselig liv i ham

dangerous to life livsfarlig

do anything for a quiet life ( hverdagslig) gjøre hva som helst for husfredens skyld

do life ( hverdagslig) sone livstid (i fengsel)

escape with one's life komme unna med livet i behold

the facts of life ( hverdagslig) hvordan barn blir til, blomstene og biene livets realiteter

for life for livet, for å redde livet

• they ran for life

de løp for livet

for livet, på livstid, livstids-

• they were friends for life

• she was imprisoned for live

for one's life eller for dear life for livet

• she ran for dear life

hun løp for livet

• don't move for your life

ikke rør deg hvis du har livet kjært

for the life of me ( hverdagslig) for bare livet, samme hvor hardt jeg prøver, om jeg så står på hodet

for the term of one's life se ➢ term, 1

frighten the life out of somebody skremme livet av noen

a future life\/state et fremtidig liv, et liv etter dette

get a life! ( hverdagslig) få deg ditt eget liv!, kom deg ut og opplev livet!

give one's life for ofre livet sitt for, gi livet sitt for, dø for

have the time of one's life ( hverdagslig) ha det kjempegøy, ha det kjempefint

human life menneskeliv, menneskelig liv menneskelivet

be in danger of one's life være i livsfare

be in life være i live

in ordinary life til daglig

in real life i det virkelige liv, i virkeligheten

it's a great life if you don't weaken ( spøkefullt) livet er herlig hvis man bare orker

keep in life holde (seg) i live

larger than life eller as large as life større enn livet

lead a fast life leve livet, ha et utsvevende liv

lead a rough life leve enkelt, leve primitivt

life and death liv og død, liv eller død

• it's a matter of life and death

det er et spørsmål om liv eller død \/ det er livsviktig

life and soul liv og sjel, sjel, livskraft, midtpunkt

• they were the life and soul of the party

de var selskapets midtpunkt

drivkraft, primus motor

• the life and soul of an enterprise

drivkraften i et firma

life isn't all beer and skittles livet er ikke bare en dans på roser

life must go on livet må gå videre, livet må gå sin gang

life of Riley Herrens glade dager, slaraffenliv

• after I inherited the money, it was a life of Riley

etter at jeg arvet pengene, levde jeg Herrens glade dager

the life to come eller the other life livet etter dette, det neste livet

live a good life ( oppofrende) leve et godt liv et liv i luksus leve et liv i pakt med naturen

live a life of independence være økonomisk uavhengig

lose one's life miste livet, dø, omkomme, sette livet til

• they lost their lives

loss of life tap av liv

not for the life of me ( hverdagslig) aldri i livet, ikke for alt i verden

not on your life aldri i livet, absolutt ikke, definitivt ikke

one's future life ens fremtid

(up) on my life! så sant jeg lever!, på æresord!

put an end to one's (own) life ta livet av seg

put into life gi liv til

put some life into live opp, sette fart på, få litt liv i

risk one's life sette livet på spill

rule of life leveregel, prinsipp

run for dear life løpe alt hva remmer og tøy kan holde

see life se verden, se seg om i verden, oppleve verden, leve livet

single life ugift stand

slice of life stykke virkelighet

take one's life in one's (own) hands risikere livet, sette livet til

take one's (own) life ta livet av seg

take somebody's life ta livet av noen, drepe noen

that's life eller such is life sånn er livet

this is the life! ( om noe gledelig eller fornøyelig) dette er livet!

time of life alder

• when she was at my time of life

da hun var på min alder

to the end of one's life til en dør, hele livet

to the (very) life ( om kunst) veldig naturtro, på en prikk, treffende

way of life se ➢ way, 1

while there is life there is hope så lenge det er liv, er det håp

English-Norwegian dictionary > life
16 Cockerill, William

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. 1759 Lancashire, England

d. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)

[br]

English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.

[br]

William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.

[br]

Further Reading

W.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).

RTS / RLH

Biographical history of technology > Cockerill, William
17 Lesseps, Ferdinand de

SUBJECT AREA: Canals

[br]

b. 19 November 1805 Versailles, France

d. 7 December 1894 La Chesnaye, near Paris, France

[br]

French diplomat and canal entrepreneur.

[br]

Ferdinand de Lesseps was born into a family in the diplomatic service and it was intended that his should be his career also. He was educated at the Lycée Napoléon in Paris. In 1825, aged 20, he was appointed an attaché to the French consulate in Lisbon. In 1828 he went to the Consulate-General in Tunis and in 1831 was posted from there to Egypt, becoming French Consul in Cairo two years later. For his work there during the plague in 1836 he was awarded the Croix de Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur. During this time he became very friendly with Said Mohammed and the friendship was maintained over the years, although there were no expectations then that Said would occupy any great position of authority.

De Lesseps then served in other countries. In 1841 he had thought about a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, and he brooded over the idea until 1854. In October of that year, having retired from the diplomatic service, he returned to Egypt privately. His friend Said became Viceroy and he readily agreed to the proposal to cut the canal. At first there was great international opposition to the idea, and in 1855 de Lesseps travelled to England to try to raise capital. Work finally started in 1859, but there were further delays following the death of Said Pasha in 1863. The work was completed in 1869 and the canal was formally opened by the Empress Eugenic on 20 November 1869. De Lesseps was fêted in France and awarded the Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur.

He subsequently promoted the project of the Corinth Canal, but his great ambition in his later years was to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. This idea had been conceived by Spanish adventurers in 1514, but everyone felt the problems and cost would be too great. De Lesseps, riding high in popularity and with his charismatic character, convinced the public of the scheme's feasibility and was able to raise vast sums for the enterprise. He proposed a sea-level canal, which required the excavation of a 350 ft (107 m) cut through terrain; this eventually proved impossible, but work nevertheless started in 1881.

In 1882 de Lesseps became first President d'-Honneur of the Syndicat des Entrepreneurs de Travaux Publics de France and was elected to the Chair of the French Academy in 1884. By 1891 the Panama Canal was in a disastrous financial crisis: a new company was formed, and because of the vast sums expended a financial investigation was made. The report led to de Lesseps, his son and several high-ranking government ministers and officials being charged with bribery and corruption, but de Lesseps was a very sick man and never appeared at the trial. He was never convicted, although others were, and he died soon after, at the age of 89, at his home.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Croix de Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1836; Grand Croix 1869.

Further Reading

John S.Pudney, 1968, Suez. De Lesseps' Canal, London: Dent.

John Marlowe, 1964, The Making of the Suez Canal, London: Cresset.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Lesseps, Ferdinand de
18 σκηνοποιός

σκηνοποιός, οῦ, ὁ

① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering

② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > σκηνοποιός

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Enterprise Investment Scheme — The Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) is a series of tax reliefs designed to encourage investments in small unquoted companies carrying on a qualifying trade in the United Kingdom.PurposeInvestment in companies that are not listed on a stock… … Wikipedia
Enterprise, Alabama — Infobox Settlement official name = Enterprise, Alabama settlement type = City nickname = motto = City of Progress imagesize = image caption = image imagesize = image caption = image mapsize = 250px map caption = Location in Alabama mapsize1 = map … Wikipedia
Enterprise (computer) — Infobox computer Photo = Type = Home computer Released = 1985 Discontinued = 198? Processor = Zilog Z80A @ 4 MHz Memory = 64KB / 128KB OS = EXOS BASICThe Enterprise is a Zilog Z80 based home computerfirst released in 1985.There were two variants … Wikipedia
After the Holocaust — The aftermath of the Holocaust had a profound effect on society in both Europe and the rest of the world. Its impact could be felt in theological discussions, artistic and cultural pursuits and political decisions. The fate of displaced persons… … Wikipedia
Enterprise Vault — Infobox Software name = Symantec Enterprise Vault developer = Symantec Corporation genre = Email Archiving Software license = Proprietary website = [http://www.symantec.com/enterprisevault Symantec.com/enterprisevault] Symantec Enterprise Vault… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

after any enterprise

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

after any enterprise

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